Saltiness Enhancement by the Characteristic Flavor of Dried Bonito Stock

ABSTRACT:  There is a pressing need for the development of ways of preparing palatable salt-reduced foods to reduce the salt intake of the Japanese population. The salt-reducing effect of the characteristic flavors other than umami of dried bonito stock, which is widely used in everyday Japanese food, was examined by sensory evaluation. In the 1st sensory evaluation, the effect was evaluated in a model solution. The saltiness of 0.80% NaCl solution was equivalent to that of 0.12% monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution containing 0.81% NaCl and dried bonito stock containing 0.68% NaCl. Saltiness enhancement could not be found when MSG solution was used, but was found with 6% dried bonito stock. The 2nd evaluation examined whether the effect was valid for 2 everyday Japanese foods—traditional Japanese clear soup ( sumashi-jiru ) and steamed egg custard ( tamagodoufu ). Although enhancement of saltiness by dried bonito stock could not be clearly demonstrated in the soup, a change in NaCl concentration within 15% did not affect the palatability of the soup. However, dried bonito stock not only enhanced the saltiness but also improved the palatability of steamed egg custard. These findings are expected to be useful for improving the palatability of salt-reduced food.     

传统发酵豆酱中嗜盐四联球菌的分离鉴定及增鲜菌株筛选

为了获得高产鲜味肽嗜盐四联球菌（Tetragenococcus halophilus）优良菌株,从辽宁省7个不同地区的96份自然发酵豆酱样品中分离出嗜盐四联球菌疑似菌株83株,通过提取各菌株DNA、16S rDNA序列测定和同源性对比分析,其中47株菌为嗜盐四联球菌,分别测定47株菌的产多肽能力、产γ-谷氨酰转肽酶能力、产蛋白酶能力、电子舌风味值分析等指标,结合因子分析以及因子得分综合评价,筛选得到LY9-1产鲜味肽潜力最佳,通过电子舌结果也证明,LY9-1发酵液鲜味值最高,为15.05±0.02,产蛋白酶活力高达（85.45±0.03）U/mL,产γ-谷氨酰转肽酶能力（44.23±0.03）U/m L,产多肽（17.55±0.13）mg/mL,推测该菌株具有较强的增鲜潜力,可为进一步研究增鲜机理以及在发酵食品增鲜中的产业化应用提供理论支持。     

Nonvolatile taste components of Grifola frondosa, Morchella esculenta and Termitomyces albuminosus mycelia

Three species of mushroom mycelia are commercially available in Taiwan, namely Grifola frondosa (maitake), Morchella esculenta (morel), and Termitomyces albuminosus (termite mushroom), and their nonvolatile taste components were studied. All mycelia were high in contents of carbohydrate, crude fat and protein but low in contents of crude ash and fiber. Arabitol, glucose, mannitol and trehalose were detected in these three mycelia and total amounts of sugars and polyols were 63.69-83.89 mg/g. Total free amino acid contents in three mycelia ranged from 35.67 to 50.37 mg/g. The monosodium glutamate-like components of G. frondosa mycelia (6.51 mg/g) was approximately twofold higher than M. esculenta and T. albuminosus mycelia (3.58 and 3.11 mg/g, respectively). As compared with other components, sweet and bitter components were much higher in these three mycelia. Contents of total 5′-nucleotides in these three mycelia ranged from 13.32 to 26.19 mg/g and were in the descending order of T. albuminosus>M. esculenta>G. frondosa. Equivalent umami concentration of T. albuminosus mycelia was higher than those of G. frondosa and M. esculenta mycelia. Overall, three mycelia possessed highly intense umami taste.     

Evaluation of non-volatile taste components in commercial soy sauces

The dominating non-volatile taste compounds in commercial brewed soy sauces were determined by HPLC and evaluated on the contributions to overall taste. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid accounted for 8.77 to 147.98 mg/mL in ten commercial soy sauces samples. Lactic acid (ranging from 0.83 to 13.19 mg/mL) and pyroglutamic acid (ranging from 0 to 12.80 mg/mL) were the dominant organic acids, contributing to the acidity and ensuring a balance in taste of soy sauces. 5?-Inosine monophosphate was the most abundant nucleotide, followed by 5?-guanosine monophosphate, and they accounted for 0.30 to 3.54 mg/mL in ten soy sauces. According to the determination of non-volatile taste compounds in soy sauce samples, taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) of different soy sauces were calculated and compared. An exclusive cluster analysis based on TAV was proposed to classify the commercial soy sauces. The EUC value of new class A is much higher than other classes.     

A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors,eating behaviors,and health

Food preferences and dietary habits are heavily influenced by taste perception. There is growing interest in characterizing taste preferences based on genetic variation. Genetic differences in the ability to perceive key tastes may impact eating behavior and nutritional intake. Therefore, increased understanding of taste biology and genetics may lead to new personalized strategies, which may prevent or influence the trajectory of chronic disease risk. Recent advances show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD36 fat taste receptor are linked to differences in fat perception, fat preference, and chronic-disease biomarkers. Genetic variation in the sweet taste receptor T1R2 has been shown to alter sweet taste preferences, eating behaviors, and risk of dental caries. Polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor T2R38 have been shown to influence taste for brassica vegetables. Individuals that intensely taste the bitterness of brassica vegetables (“supertasters”) may avoid vegetable consumption and compensate by increasing their consumption of sweet and fatty foods, which may increase risk for chronic disease. Emerging evidence also suggests that the role of genetics in taste perception may be more impactful in children due to the lack of cultural influence compared to adults. This review examines the current knowledge of SNPs in taste receptors associated with fat, sweet, bitter, umami, and salt taste modalities and their contributions to food preferences, and chronic disease. Overall, these SNPs demonstrate the potential to influence food preferences and consequently health.     

Evaluation of Peptide Contribution to the Intense Umami Taste of Japanese Soy Sauces

ABSTRACT: Koikuchi and tamari shoyu are 2 types of traditional Japanese soy sauce whose low-molecular-weight fractions (less than 500 Da) are known to have the most intense umami taste. Given that peptides were also abundant in some umami fractions of both shoyu, further investigation was conducted to evaluate the precise contribution of peptides to the soy sauce tastes. To locate and isolate peptide fractions, separation procedures using Sephadex G-25 SF, Sephadex G-10, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) linked to sensory evaluation (by taste dilution analysis), as well as amino acid analysis were performed. Peptides having glutamyl residue were present in most peptide fractions. However, they all revealed negligible contributions to the intense umami taste of the soy sauces. On the other hand, free Glu, in the presence of sodium salt, as well as free Asp and several sweet-taste eliciting free amino acids were considered to be the main contributors to the umami taste of the soy sauces. This study of Japanese soy sauces gives a clear explanation of the frequently questioned peptide contribution to the taste of savory food product.     

Evolution of Taste Compounds of Dezhou‐Braised Chicken During Cooking Evaluated by Chemical Analysis and an Electronic Tongue System

This paper aimed to study the time course changes in taste compounds of Dezhou‐braised chicken during the entire cooking process mainly consisting of deep‐frying, high‐temperature boiling, and low‐temperature braising steps. For this purpose, meat samples at different processing stages were analyzed for 5′‐nucleotides and free amino acids, and were also subjected to electronic tongue measurements. Results showed that IMP, Glu, Lys, and sodium chloride were the main compounds contributing to the taste attributes of the final product. IMP and Glu increased in the boiling step and remained unchanged in the following braising steps. Meanwhile, decrease in Lys content and increase in sodium chloride content were observed over time in both boiling and braising steps. Intensities for bitterness, saltiness, and Aftertaste‐B obtained from the electronic tongue analysis were correlated with the concentrations of these above chemical compounds. Therefore, the electronic tongue system could be applied to evaluate the taste development of Dezhou‐braised chicken during processing.     

核桃粕鲜味物质提取工艺研究

以核桃粕为原料提取鲜味物质,利用电子舌检测技术,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化酶法提取核桃粕中鲜味物质的提取工艺.结果 表明:各因素对鲜味物质提取的影响大小依次为酶解温度＞酶解时间＞加酶量.最佳提取工艺为酶解温度50℃、酶解时间150 min、加酶量0.20％(以核桃粕质量计)、水料质量比25∶1,在此工艺下获得的核桃粕...     

麻辣火锅底料中鲜味表达影响因素研究

通过对麻辣火锅底料中可能添加的7种鲜味剂进行研究,发现1号风味膏、2号风味膏、3号风味膏、酵母提取物呈酸性,1号鸡精、2号鸡精、味精靠近中性;7种鲜味剂在pH值为7时,其鲜味表达最充分;7种鲜味剂的最适口浓度:1号风味膏为0.40％,2号风味膏为0.30％,酵母提取物为0.30％,3号风味膏为0.40％,1号鸡精为0....     

食品中鲜味肽的研究进展

鲜味肽作为新型的鲜味剂,除了本身具有的风味外,还可与其他的鲜味物质发挥协同增鲜作用。目前对鲜味肽的研究主要集中在提取及分离鉴定等方面,而鲜味肽的形成机理及呈味机制仍不明确。本文对鲜味肽的制备与分离鉴定方法、呈味影响因素、鲜味评价方法、具体应用、呈味机制等方面进行综述,以期为鲜味肽的进一步深入研究提供科学理论依据。