结构调整中就业的形势与对策

结合我国近些年劳动力就业的整体形势,分析了目前我国在经济结构调整过程中出现的失业、下岗现象及其存在的复杂原因,同时深入领悟和学习了党的十五大报告中有关就业工作的精神,以此为根据提出了解决我国就业问题的１０个方面的主要措施     

煤炭城市就业问题分析

受制于资源产业衰退和市场化改革滞后等因素,煤炭城市特别是资源枯竭型城市失业率与贫困率双高并存的现象成为社会关注的焦点,煤炭城市除了产业结构单一、国企减员增效、再就业培训和社保制度不完善等客观因素导致失业之外,劳动者文化、技能不高、就业观念落后等主观因素也同样不容忽视。这篇文章在详细分析了失业产生的主客观因素的基础上,提出了产业多元化、再就业培训、劳动力区际转移等解决方案,目的在于促进煤炭城市人员就业,提高居民生活水平,以确保发展的可持续性。     

Age cohort effects on unemployment in the USA: Evidence from the regional level

Since the early 1970s, it was argued that shifts from relatively smaller to larger youth cohorts in the labor force raise the unemployment rate. In contrast, using US state-level data, two studies come to a contrary conclusion. I provide a theoretical framework for local labor markets that considers age cohort differences in labor market characteristics. Using a spatial panel data model and US county-level data (2000–2014), the estimates provide strong evidence that aging of the working-age population reduces overall unemployment by almost 1 percentage point. Long-run effects that consider local feedbacks are even larger.     

论如何在转变经济增长方式中扩大就业面，减少失业率

转变经济增长方式,促进技术进步,提高经济效益,对目前新增劳动人口的就业,安置和改革中富裕、分流人员有着重要的现实意义。必须抓住经济发展这个根本,通过经济结构调整、发展中小企业、扩大对外开放、加强职业教育等途径创造和扩大就业机会,化解就业压力。     

Pursuit and adjustment of goals during unemployment: The role of age.

This longitudinal study investigated the predictive value of 2 self-regulatory processes (goal pursuit and goal adjustment) on mental health and reemployment success over a period of 8 months. A total of 87 unemployed job seekers participated in this study. There is some evidence that age moderated the relationship between goal pursuit and goal adjustment with mental health and reemployment success. Contrary to expectations, goal pursuit was positively related to mental health for relatively older individuals. The authors found no effects of goal adjustment on mental health. However, as expected, goal adjustment had a negative relationship with reemployment success for relatively younger individuals. The authors found no moderator effects of age on the relationship between goal pursuit and reemployment success. Thus, the study revealed different relationships between self-regulatory processes and mental health as well as reemployment success for younger and older individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unraveling the daily stress crossover between unemployed individuals and their employed spouses.

This study examined the dynamic relationship of distress levels between spouses when one is unemployed (and looking for a job) while the other is engaged in full-time employment. Using the diary survey method, we sampled 100 couples in China for 10 days and tested a model comprising three stress crossover mechanisms: the direct crossover, the mediating crossover, and the common stressor mechanisms. Results supported the direct crossover and common stressor mechanisms. Other stressors (e.g., work–family conflict and negative job search experience) were also related to distress of the unemployed individuals and their employed spouses. Additionally, we found a three-way interaction involving gender, marital satisfaction, and distress levels of employed spouses. We discuss how the study contributes to the unemployment and stress crossover literatures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contingency Management of Reliable Attendance of Chronically Unemployed Substance Abusers in a Therapeutic Workplace.

The Therapeutic Workplace is an effective drug abuse treatment that integrates abstinence reinforcement into a work setting by using a salary that drug abusers earn for work. Drug abuse patients are trained and hired to become data entry operators in a Therapeutic Workplace business. Despite the opportunity to earn a high wage, participants frequently arrive at work late and fail to work complete shifts. In the present study, a contingency management intervention to promote consistent and reliable attendance was evaluated in 4 participants. Participants were not allowed to work on days that they arrived late, and their pay was temporarily reduced each time they arrived late at work or failed to complete a work shift. A within-subject reversal design showed that the intervention increased the frequency with which participants arrived at work on time and completed work shifts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

结构性失业理论及其对中国失业现状的解释

通过对结构失业进行理论探析和对我国80年代中期以来的各产业就业变动和工资率变动的考察，认为结构性失业是中国失业现象的一个显著特征，也是中国失业面临的主要矛盾，而劳动力总供给大于总需求的总量压力，实际上是居次要地位的，该结构的政策含义是，政府应该采取调整就业结构为主的失业治理对策而不是太多地依赖总需求管理政策。     

Field work and the clinician: Comment.

Comments on the original article by Jesse E. Gordon (see record 1965-14902-001) regarding the Federal anti-poverty program and subprofessional training. The current author opines that "professionals" in psychology, counseling, and related disciplines can adequately meet the field-work challenges which the disadvantaged and disillusioned youth of our day present. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)