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151.
Chemical interactions between soil N and alkaline-hydrolysing N fertilizers labelled with15N were studied in the laboratory using twelve-irradiated soils. Fertilizer was recovered in the soil organic N fraction via the process of NH3 fixation. NH3 fixation at day 7 varied from 1.8 to 4.6% of the N added as aqua ammonia at 1000 mg kg–1 soil. The amount of NH3 fixed increased with increasing rates of application of NH3(aq) and urea. The rate of NH3 fixation decreased with time, with more than 55% of the total NH3 fixation in 28 days occurring in the first week following application of 2000 mg urea-N kg–1 soil. Soil pH and NH3 fixation varied in response to N source, and increased in the order of di-ammonium phosphate 3 fixation, resulting in the release of unlabelled ammonium (deamination) and a real added nitrogen interaction in all but two of the soils studied. The release of NH
4
+
initially increased up to a pH of 7.5, was inhibited between pH 8.5 and 9.0, but increased thereafter. The balance (Nbal) between NH3 fixation and deamination was either positive or negative, depending on the pH of the fertilized soil, which was directly related to N source and concentration for a given soil. 相似文献
152.
负离子分解室内有机化合物的测试 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
低浓度、高毒性的挥发性有机化合物(VOC)污染大气,造成“病态建筑综合症(SBS)”,严重威胁着人们的身体健康。空气中的负离子除有利于人体生理健康以外,还能有效分解空气中的VOC。将一种负离子添加剂添加到墙体涂料中,可以得到一种能有效释放负离子的涂料。本文测试了涂刷负离子添加剂涂料的测试小室中负离子分解总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)及甲醛的性能,结果证明:涂料释放的负离子能有效分解VOC,使室内VOC的浓度在较短时间内满足GB/T—18883—2002的要求。 相似文献
153.
A simulation model for winter wheat growth, crop nitrogen dynamics and soil nitrogen supply was tested against experimental data. When simulations of dry matter production agreed with measurements, nitrogen uptake was simulated accurately. The total amount of soil mineral nitrogen as well as the distribution of mineral nitrogen over the various soil layers were generally simulated well, except for experiments in which fertilizer was applied late in spring. In these experiments, applied nitrogen disappeared because it could not be accounted for by the model. Some explanations for this disappearance are briefly discussed. 相似文献
154.
Sluijsmans and Kolenbrander developed a simple model to describe the availability of animal manure, assuming a readily available, an easily decomposable and a slowly decomposable N fraction. We tested this model on data from an experiment in which farmyard manure had been applied for eleven successive years to silage maize [Zea mays L.] grown on a light sandy soil. The residual effects of this FYM were then measured by growing Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lamk.] in the 12th year. The measured uptake of N by the grass of the FYM residues was then compared with the computed values. The measured amounts of N taken up agreed fairly well with the calculated amounts for applications of 50 and 100 t FYM per ha per year.If the rates of manure application are adjusted to crop requirement, the model shows that the potential, long-term release of N from the residual N fraction of FYM will not exceed 20 kg N per ha. For cattle slurry with a smaller residual fraction, the release will be at most 10% of the total annual N application. 相似文献
155.
Effects of N application and water supply on yield, oil content and N accumulation by canola, cultivar Marnoo, grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region were investigated. Treatments were rainfed (Rf) or watered at a deficit of 50 mm (40–60 mm, I50) beginning in the spring. N treatments were 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N ha–1 at sowing or as split applications of 20/80, and 50/50 kg N ha–1 at sowing and rosette, respectively.Yield (Yg) ranged from 170 to 520 g m–2. Irrigation and N increased yield in both years. Grain yields were increased by N application on the irrigated treatments when 100 or 200 kg N ha–1 was applied. Oil concentrations ranged from a maximum of 46.4% in treatment N0 to a minimum of 40.6% in treatment N200 and was inversely related to seed N concentration. Although fertilizer N decreased oil concentration, it increased the yield of oil.Nitrogen accumulation (Nb) limited yield of all treatments and was described by the equation, Yg = 806[1-EXP(–0.039*Nb)]. This implied a decrease in yield per unit of Nb at the higher rates of fertilizer addition with consequent increases in grain N concentration.The efficiency of water use in the production of grain (WUEg) and biomass (WUEb) were 7.5 and 23 kg ha–1 mm–1 respectively. Nitrogen additions increased WUEg and WUEb in both seasons. Maximum values of 8.9 (WUEg 1986) and 26.8 (WUEb 1987) were measured from treatment N200. These data suggest that the crops made efficient use of the applied water. 相似文献
156.
Laboratory incubations were conducted to determine the ammonia (NH3) loss from urea as affected by the addition of coarse and ground (fine) pyrites at 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 urea: pyrite (w/w) ratios and methods of application (surfaceapplication, incorporation and placement). Coarse pyrites (>-2mm) were not effective in reducing NH3 loss from urea when surface applied even at the highest ratio of pyrite (15.9% vs 18.7% without pyrite). Ground pyrites (0.1–0.25 mm), in 1:1 ratio, had about 5% less NH3 loss than the urea alone treatment. Higher ratios of pyrites reduced NH3 loss much more. Ammonia losses were the most with surface-applied urea (18.9%) and the least (13.5%) when placed (2.5 cm) below the soil surface. Addition of ground pyrite to surface-applied urea (1:1 ratio) decreased the loss to 13.2%. Urea+pyrite placed below the soil surface had the least loss (9.8%). Results indicate that combined application of urea and fine pyrite could reduce NH3 loss. 相似文献
157.
Oksana Panasiuk 《Journal of chemical ecology》1984,10(9):1325-1333
The responses of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to volatile components of tansy,Tanacetum vulgare L., were investigated in order to establish a chemical basis for observed reduction in beetle populations when potatoes,Solanum tuberosum L., were interplanted with tansy. Colorado potato beetles exhibited avoidance behavior to tansy oil, volatiles from intact tansy plants, a hydrocarbon fraction of tansy oil, obtained by fractionation on alumina, and five of the 13 known components of tansy oil that were tested. One constituent of tansy oil, -pinene, attracted beetles. 相似文献
158.
In aluminium plants, the anode baking process is associated with an important release of volatile combustible matter. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the kinetics of the evolution of these volatiles. A large thermogravimetry set-up has been designed in such a way that it could simulate real plant conditions. Samples of two distinct masses have been subjected to pyrolysis at different heating regimes. The loss of weight together with the concentrations of the released gases were recorded on a continuous basis during the temperature rise. Kinetic results were found for methane, hydrogen and tar. No variation of the order of reaction with the heating rate was observed, whereas the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor increased. Furthermore, for the range of sample dimensions studied, it was found that the mass of the solid had no significant influence on the kinetic parameters. 相似文献
159.
160.
D. W. Bussink 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》1994,38(2):111-121
Grazed pastures emit ammonia (NH3) into the atmosphere; the size of the NH3 loss appears to be related to nitrogen (N) application rate.The micrometeorological mass balance method was used to measure NH3 volatilization from rotationally grazed swards on three plots in the autumn of 1989 and throughout the 1990 growing season. The aim of the research was to derive a mathematical relationship between NH3 volatilization and N application rate, which would vary between soil type and weather conditions. In both years the plots received a total of 250, 400 or 550 kg N ha–1 as calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) split over 6 to 8 dressings. The number of grazing cycles ranged from 7 to 9 for the three N plots.In the last two grazing cycles of 1989, NH3 losses were 3.8, 12.0 and 14.7 kg N ha–1 for the 250N, 400N and 550N plots, which was equivalent to 5.3%, 13.9% and 14.4% of the amount of N excreted on the sward, respectively. In 1990, NH3 losses were 9.1, 27.0 and 32.8 kg N ha–1 for the 250N, 400N and 550N plots, which was equivalent to 3.3%, 6.9% and 6.9% of the N excreted, respectively. Differences in urine composition between the plots were relatively small. Rainfall and sward management affected the size of the NH3 volatilization rate. Volatilization of NH3 was related to N excretion and N application rate.A calculation procedure is given to enable the estimation of NH3 volatilization from N application rate. Adjustments can be made for grazing efficiency, grazing selectivity, N retention in milk and liveweight gain, concentrate N intake and milking duration. Losses of NH3 increase progressively with an increase in N application rate until herbage yield reaches a maximum at an application rate of about 500 kg N ha–1 yr–1. 相似文献