低分子量核桃多肽抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性研究

研究了核桃发酵多肽的抗氧化效果及抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,此多肽具有一定的抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性,当样品浓度为2 mg/mL时其DPPH自由基清除率为91.7%,对人小肠癌细胞（Caco-2）的IC50值为3.67 mg/mL。对四组分发酵多肽（分子量>30 ku、10 ku~30 ku、5 ku~10 ku及<5 ku）进行抗肿瘤活性的试验及筛选,发现<5 ku组份有较强的抗肿瘤活性,表明低分子量多肽对Caco-2细胞增殖具有较强的抑制作用（IC50值为2.63 mg/mL）,且该样品不仅抑制Caco-2细胞生长,对人乳腺癌细胞（MCF-7）增殖也有显著的抑制作用（IC50值为3.76mg/mL）,而对非肿瘤细胞大鼠小肠隐窝上皮细胞（IEC-6）未显示显著的抑制作用。以上结果表明,核桃粕发酵产生的小分子活性多肽有明显的抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性。     

鲜食核桃仁抑制褐变与脱色方法及货架期保鲜效应

鲜核桃仁因易于褐变而难以作为成品生产与销售。本实验以‘香玲’核桃湿鲜坚果为试材,分别对新鲜核桃仁、已褐变核桃仁进行不同工艺参数下4 种方法抑制褐变以及2 种方法脱色处理,根据20 ℃货架期下色值变化和感官观测结果,选取两组实验的最佳处理条件分别为1.0%（质量分数,后同）抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AsA）＋0.05%柠檬酸（citric acid,CA）浸泡5 min（抑制褐变）以及1.0% AsA 20 ℃下浸泡1 h（脱色）。分别用两种方法单独处理或与1 kJ/m2短波紫外线（ultraviolet radiation C,UVC）复合处理,以同等条件下去离子水处理为对照组,统一用30 μm厚的聚乙烯袋包装,5 ℃货架保鲜。结果表明,两组实验中,单独处理和UVC复合处理均可持续抑制多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力升高,苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）活力在货架14～21 d时较对照组显著提高（P＜0.05）,第56天时抑制褐变的单一和复合处理组及脱色的复合处理组酸价均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组实验中复合处理可同时延缓细菌和霉菌的滋生,部分提高总抗氧化活性（ferric reducing/antioxidant power,FRAP）;核桃仁过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）有所增加,含油率未受明显影响,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力与对照组差异不明显。核桃仁种衣和去皮核桃仁的PPO活力均受AsA的竞争性抑制。5 ℃货架56 d时,脱色组复合处理核桃仁的亮度（L*值）达到与抑制褐变处理同等效果,且核桃仁无可见霉变。本研究结果可为鲜核桃仁的商品化生产提供理论与技术依据。     

不同包装处理对碎核桃仁中抗氧化物质的影响

本文研究表明:碎核桃仁在加速氧化试验过程中,过氧化值和酸价持续不断增加;充氮包装和真空包装在防止单宁和维生素E含量减少方面与对照差异不显著,但是通过提高超氧物歧化酶(SuperoxidedismutaseSOD)和保持较高过氧化氢酶(CatalaseCAT)的活性,达到延缓核桃仁过氧化值和酸价上升的速度。     

核桃仁保健酒的研制

以核桃仁、红枣等为原料研制保健酒，工艺包括：药材精选、清洗、切片、炮制、粉碎、浸提、萃取、澄清、粗滤、勾调、贮存、精制等，萃取采用超临界CO2萃取；成品酒经冷冻试验和生物试验，稳定性较好；药香协调，色泽棕红，清亮透明，风格独特。     

核桃综合深加工的思路与技术评价

为了充分发挥核桃资源的价值,必须对其进行综合深加工.核桃综合深加工的基本思路是:将核桃壳加工成核桃壳超细粉,将核桃仁加工成核桃油、核桃粉和核桃乳等产品.核桃壳超细粉的用途比较广泛,具有广阔的市场前景.核桃油的制取方法比较多,通过快速液压法制取的核桃油既保留了核桃油的天然品质,又避免了核桃蛋白的变性.采用含有部分油脂的核桃蛋白既可以加工成半脱脂核桃粉,也可以加工成品质稳定的半脱脂核桃乳,还可以添加在肉类食品或焙烤食品中.核桃综合深加工将会带来巨大的经济效益.     

红枣核桃酸奶的贮藏品质及胃肠液环境下抗氧化研究

以红枣、核桃、新鲜牛奶为主要原料制备红枣核桃酸奶,以不添加红枣汁与核桃粉的同批鲜奶自制普通酸奶为对照,分别测定不同贮藏时期红枣核桃酸奶和对照酸奶的理化指标,以及两种酸奶在贮藏期和胃、肠液模拟环境下对DPPH、ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果表明,贮藏期间红枣核桃酸奶在活菌数、酸度以及抗氧化能力方面均显著优于对照酸奶(P<0.05),持水力低于对照酸奶(P<0.05),且贮藏21 d后,红枣核桃酸奶的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率分别为88.65%、72.46%,对照酸奶为53.10%、69.44%。然而,两种酸奶经延长冷藏时间或在胃肠液环境处理后均会导致自由基清除能力降低,但红枣核桃酸奶在总体上仍然优于对照酸奶。因此,红枣核桃酸奶是一种新型的功能性乳品。     

核桃营养价值及功能活性研究进展

综述了核桃的营养价值、功能活性的研究进展,并对我国核桃产业发展进行了展望,以期对核桃产业化发展带来新的动力。     

Varietal and crop year effects on lipid composition of walnut (Juglans regia) genotypes

The FA, unsaponifiable, and volatile constituents of oil from three walnut varieties from two consecutive crop years were studied. The walnut oils (WO) were rich in PUFA and low in saturated FA. The tocopherol fraction consisted mainly of γ-tocopherol. High contents of β-sitosterol were found, together with campesterol and Δ⁵-avenasterol in similar amounts. Methylsterols present in WO were identified as cycloartenol, cyclolaudenol, cycloeucalenol, and 24-methylenecycloartanol. The hydrocarbon fraction was characterized by the predominance of C₁₄–C₂₀ n-alkanes. The major volatiles were aldehydes produced through the linoleic acid oxidative pathway. FA, methylsterols, and some hydrocarbons presented statistically significant differences among varieties. Most of this variation was due to the genotype. The Franquette variety was noteworthy by its higher oil and oleic acid contents. In contrast, tocopherols and volatile compounds showed minor differences among varieties; they were strongly influenced by the crop year. Chemical data were subjected to principal component analysis. The parameters that gave the greatest discrimination between the walnut varieties were oleic and linolenic acids, tetradecane, eicosane, tetracosane, cycloartenol, and 24-methylenecycloartanol. These components presented the major varietal influences and could be useful to determine the identity of walnut genotypes.     

Use of antioxidants in extraction of tannins from walnut plants

The radial diffusion assay was applied to estimate the amount of total tannins in extracts from walnut plant materials. We found that the protein-precipitating activity of the tannin extracts were increased by 30–75 % when antioxidants (ascorbic acid or sodium metabisulfite, 5.5 mM) were added in extraction solvents (50% aqueous methanol). The extracts obtained with Na₂S₂O₅ were much less brown than control. Moreover, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography revealed some additional polyphenolic compounds in the extracts made with Na₂S₂O₅. These results suggest that the amount of tannins and/or their protein-precipitating property may be strongly affected by oxidation events during extraction procedure. The addition of antioxidants in the extraction solvents is useful to limit this problem.     

核桃仁与发酵核桃乳中脂肪酸GC法的甲酯化条件优化及含量测定

本文采用GC-FID测定核桃仁、发酵核桃乳中的脂肪酸。在单因素实验的基础上,以衍生化试剂加入量、超声时间、超声水浴温度为影响因素,峰面积为响应值,运用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理进行响应面分析,优化了甲酯化反应条件。结果表明,检测核桃仁、发酵核桃乳中脂肪酸甲酯化的适宜条件为:0.5%KOH-甲醇647μL、超声时间5min、超声水浴温度43℃。在该条件下进行甲酯化反应,结合GC-FID检测到9种核桃仁中均含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸,含量由高到低的顺序为:亚油酸油酸亚麻酸棕榈酸硬脂酸。用6种乳酸菌发酵的核桃乳,脂肪酸含量的整体变化不显著。