燃气联合循环机组汽包水位控制系统的特点

燃气联合循环机组的汽水系统复杂性导致了汽包水位控制成为整个机组控制模拟量控制的难点。文章通过对燃气联合循环机组汽包水位控制的分析,并结合机组运行过程中出现的问题,讨论了该类型机组汽包水位控制的特点,同时提出了有效的解决办法并取得了良好的控制效果。     

On input‐to‐state stability‐based design for leader/follower formation control with measurement delays

This paper addresses the design of low‐level controllers for leader–follower formations of nonholonomic vehicles in the presence of bounded measurement delays. The concept of input‐to‐state stability is extended to encompass the effect of bounded delays and restrictions on the input. A method is proposed to integrate a Smith predictor in a backstepping design on the basis of nested saturations and nonlinear small‐gain assignment, which allows for time delays in the feedback loop. Robustness analysis under uncertain bounded time delays is provided, and design tradeoffs resulting from the use of bounded controls are discussed. Illustrative simulations are shown to validate the design and robustness analysis in the context of a simple leader–follower trailing control problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approximate bottom contribution to remote sensing reflectance in Taihu Lake, China

Remote sensing is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatial and temporal trends in lake ecosystems. A major challenge in using these approaches is determining the possible influence of reflectance from submerged vegetation or the lake bottom. In the present study, we examine the water leaving radiance measured in a large number of sites in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in southeast China. Due to the high concentrations of suspended sediment and phytoplankton biomass, a majority of the lake can be considered optically deep (i.e. bottom reflectance could be ignored). However, optically shallow waters were present in the shallow bays on the eastern side of the lake. In these areas, submerged vegetation was present. To explore the contribution of the lake bottom and submerged vegetation on remotely sensed reflectance, we compared two modeling approaches (Hydrolight and the LEE). The results show that differences in optical and physical characteristics of the lake bottom strongly influence the spectral characteristics of the measured reflectance. The resulting impact on the estimate of chlorophyll-a concentrations was tested using datasets with and without sites where bottom effects may occur. A significant improvement in the predictive capacity of the reflectance based estimated of phytoplankton biomass was made when areas with bottom influences were removed from the calibration procedure.     

天花板水电站水土保持措施设计

在分析天花板水电站概况、项目区环境概况以及工程区水土流失与水土保持现状的基础上,确定了该工程水土流失防治标准及目标,并结合天花板水电站工程特点、区域水土保持防治要求,合理划分水土流失防治分区,提出水土保持防治措施布局及方案.     

压力隧洞设计与结构计算研究进展

针对目前压力隧洞设计现实和设计规范均不是很完善、结构计算缺乏可靠方法以及对内外水荷载作用下围岩衬砌联合承载机理研究还不深入的现状,对压力隧洞设计准则、结构计算以及内外水荷载作用下围岩衬砌联合承载机理这三个方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述,并指出存在的不足.基于研究现状的总结分析,提出了需要进一步深入研究的课题.研究成果可为压力隧洞的设计和结构计算提供参考.     

浅谈积石峡水电站导流及围堰施工方案

积石峡水电站施工采用全年围堰挡水、导流隧洞和泄洪排沙底孔导流、基坑全年施工的导流方式。围堰挡水阶段度汛标准为20年一遇洪水。积石峡水电站导流及泄水建筑物设计和围堰及其防渗系统设计符合工程实际水文气象条件和地形地质条件,为成功截流及主体工程施工奠定了基础,积累了宝贵的工程经验。     

空气阻力系数对水滴运动及蒸发的影响

应用喷灌条件下水滴的运动、蒸发及分布模型对水滴的飞行时间、飞行距离以及蒸发率进行了预测,并对5种空气阻力系数计算公式 （Bird、Park、Fukui、伊沙叶夫、Wallis） 求得的预测值和实测值进行了比较。结果表明：应用Bird、Wallis、Fukui公式预测的水滴飞行时间与实测值随水滴直径的变化趋势一致,应用Park和伊沙叶夫公式求得的水滴飞行时间预测值与实测值的相对误差最小;5种阻力系数公式均能较准确地预测水滴飞行距离,其中Park公式的预测精度最高;5种阻力系数公式对于单个水滴蒸发率的预测结果与实测值之间的平均相对误差在26.1%~30.2%之间;5种阻力系数公式对总蒸发率的预测影响不明显,预测值与实测值之间的平均相对误差在15.2%~17.5%之间。建议在水滴运动和蒸发计算中采用Park阻力系数公式。     

淮河流域水质污染时空变异特征分析

选取淮河流域的82个水质监测站,对各站点的1986—2005年水质监测数据进行统计分析,探讨了全流域内水体污染物浓度变化的时空变异特征,为淮河流域水污染治理、水环境保护以及生态修复提供依据。采用时间序列法分析水体污染物浓度的时间变化规律,应用Mann-Kendall检验法对流域范围内水体污染物浓度变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明,淮河流域水质变化主要受到入河排污量、上游来水量、闸坝调控方式以及气候条件等方面因素的影响。蚌埠站的水体污染物浓度多年变化规律表明,1995年是水体污染物浓度变化的转折点,1995年前水体污染物浓度不断恶化,1995年后水体污染物浓度逐渐好转。DO浓度的年内变化主要受到水温的影响,表现为冬季浓度高于夏季浓度;CODMn浓度同时受到闸坝调控方式以及区域来水量的影响,汛期浓度低于非汛期。从全流域的水体污染物浓度变化规律看,有机污染物浓度呈显著上升趋势的河段主要分布在淮北支流上,说明在20世纪90年代后期,虽然流域进入相对丰水期以及进行了大规模的水污染联防工作,淮河流域水质污染得到了一定程度的改善。但在2000年后,随着流域内入河污水量和污染物排放量的增加,淮河流域的水质污染依然严重。     

考虑禁锢空气影响的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型及试验验证

为考虑土壤孔隙中禁锢空气对入渗水流的阻滞作用,引入饱和度系数Sa（Sa小于1）来量化湿润区的饱和程度,建立了改进的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型（MGAM）,并提出了由土壤物理特性参数估算Sa的计算公式。为检验MGAM的适用性,分别在室内长土柱和田间进行层状土壤的积水入渗试验,并采用MGAM、传统的Green-A...