Rice PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers Modulate the Nitrogen Response in a Changing Nitrogen Growth Environment

Auxins play an essential role in regulating plant growth and adaptation to abiotic stresses, such as nutrient stress. Our current understanding of auxins is based almost entirely on the results of research on the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana, however, the role of the rice PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers in the regulation of the ammonium-dependent response remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the expression patterns in various organs/tissues and the ammonium-dependent response of rice PIN-family genes (OsPIN genes) via qRT–PCR, and attempted to elucidate the relationship between nitrogen (N) utilization and auxin transporters. To investigate auxin distribution under ammonium-dependent response after N deficiency in rice roots, we used DR5::VENUS reporter lines that retained a highly active synthetic auxin response. Subsequently, we confirmed that ammonium supplementation reduced the DR5::VENUS signal compared with that observed in the N-deficient condition. These results are consistent with the decreased expression patterns of almost all OsPIN genes in the presence of the ammonium-dependent response to N deficiency. Furthermore, the ospin1b mutant showed an insensitive phenotype in the ammonium-dependent response to N deficiency and disturbances in the regulation of several N-assimilation genes. These molecular and physiological findings suggest that auxin is involved in the ammonium assimilation process of rice, which is a model crop plant.     

Update on the Roles of Rice MAPK Cascades

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been validated playing critical roles in diverse aspects of plant biology, from growth and developmental regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, to phytohormone signal transduction or responses. A classical MAPK cascade consists of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and a MAPK. From the 75 MAPKKKs, eight MAPKKs, and 15 MAPKs of rice, a number of them have been functionally deciphered. Here, we update recent advances in knowledge of the roles of rice MAPK cascades, including their components and complicated action modes, their diversified functions controlling rice growth and developmental responses, coordinating resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and conducting phytohormone signal transduction. Moreover, we summarize several complete MAPK cascades that harbor OsMAPKKK-OsMAPKK-OsMAPK, their interaction with different upstream components and their phosphorylation of diverse downstream substrates to fulfill their multiple roles. Furthermore, we state a comparison of networks of rice MAPK cascades from signal transduction crosstalk to the precise selection of downstream substrates. Additionally, we discuss putative concerns for elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms and molecular functions of rice MAPK cascades in the future.     

加工精度对方便米饭理化性质的影响

过度精、细、白的大米加工方式造成大量的粮食和营养浪费。为促进我国粮食适度加工政策的实施,研究大米加工精度(DOM)对方便米饭复水性质(水分含量和水分分布)、形态特征(长宽比、延长率和体积膨胀率)、颜色(L值、b值和ΔE值)、质构(硬度和黏度)和微观结构的影响及规律。结果表明,当DOM≥3%时,方便米饭的水分吸收速率、水分分布和形态特征与精白米方便米饭(DOM 12%)相近。当DOM升至6%时,方便米饭的形态特征、总体颜色ΔE值、硬度和微观结构也与精白米方便米饭相近。当DOM达到9%时,方便米饭的黏度已与精白米方便米饭无显著差异。由此可见,生产方便米饭的大米DOM范围宜为6%～9%。用此DOM范围的大米生产方便米饭,可以保留部分糠层营养物质,节约3%～6%的粮食。     

气相色谱-质谱联用代谢组学技术分析不同产地稻米代谢物

采用气相色谱-质谱联用的代谢组学手段,对黑龙江省2个地理标志稻米产区的60个水稻样本进行代谢组学研究,使用SIMCA软件和R软件对数据进行主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析及代谢...     

蛹虫草固态发酵联产多糖和纤溶酶的工艺优化

以玉米粉作为主要原料,利用蛹虫草固态发酵同时生产多糖和纤溶酶.以多糖含量和纤溶酶活力为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化了蛹虫草固态发酵培养基和培养条件.结果表明:培养基由玉米粉和麸皮构成,比例为18:2(g/g),料水比例1:1(m/V),接入6％(V/m)蛹虫草液体菌种,23℃发酵时间3 d.在优化条件下获得浸提液中的...     

角蛋白酶改性对大米蛋白水解产物起泡性质和结构特征的影响

本研究采用角蛋白酶对大米蛋白进行酶解改性,测定不同水解度大米蛋白水解产物的起泡性,氨基酸组成,并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、圆二色谱和内源性荧光对其结构进行表征.结果 表明,角蛋白酶能够显著提高大米蛋白在中性条件下的蛋白回收率(P＜0.05).大米蛋白水解产物的起泡性随水解时间增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,起...     

京西稻糙米及精米中9种微量矿物质元素含量对比分析

目的 比较京西稻糙米和精米中9种微量矿物质元素的含量差异.方法 20份京西稻稻谷样品脱壳而成的糙米和进一步加工得到的精米经微波消解法前处理后,由电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中钙、铜、铁、钾、镁、锰、钠、磷、锌9种微量矿物质元素的含量,并对数据进行分析.结果 分析20份样品各元素的平均含量,糙米中的镁、磷、钾、锰、...     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定上海市售大米中40种元素含量

目的 建立电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定大米中40种元素含量的分析方法.方法 采用5 mL浓硝酸、2 mL过氧化氢作为消解酸进行微波消解前处理,选取合适的待测元素质量数和在线内标法消除质谱干扰和非质谱干扰,内标法进行...