不同烹饪方式对干腌火腿理化、感官及风味品质的影响

熟肉制品的理化、感官和风味品质与烹饪方式密切相关,通过比较高压、微波、蒸制和煮制4 种烹饪方式对盘县火腿理化和营养特性、风味品质及感官评价的影响,筛选出最适宜盘县火腿的烹饪方法。结果表明：蒸制和煮制火腿色泽更好,pH值较高,分别为6.10和8.16,水分含量较高,分别为35.70%和35.20%,盐含量和烹饪损失率更低,分别为28.01%、5.15%和28.06%、4.99%;微波处理火腿粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为6.48%和55.14%;4 种烹饪方式均导致火腿中风味物质种类减少,但微波、蒸制和煮制可增加风味物质含量,特别是蒸制;聚类分析和Biplot分析同样显示出蒸制对原料火腿风味的改善作用;主成分分析结果表明,15 种特征香气成分中有7 种与蒸制火腿相关,包括2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、庚醛、辛醛和(E)-2-癸烯醛;感官评价结果表明,蒸制火腿的肉香属性得分最高,偏最小二乘回归相关性分析显示,这可能与其高含量的3-甲基丁醛、己醛和壬醛有关。盘县火腿最佳烹饪方式为蒸制,有助于改善其理化特性和风味品质。     

盘县火腿自然发酵过程中理化和风味特征

分析盘县火腿自然发酵过程中理化特性和风味特征的变化,并结合香气活度值（odor activity value,OAV）和偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）分析确定盘县火腿主体香气成分。结果表明：盘县火腿理化特性在发酵过程中发生显著变化（P＜0.05）,pH值和NaCl含量显著上升,而水分活度、水分含量和肌内脂肪含量显著下降,亮度值和黄度值呈持续下降趋势,而红度值先降低后升高;随着发酵的进行,盘县火腿中风味物质的种类从25 种增加至40 种,含量从（218.50±22.14） μg/kg上升至（1 044.49±51.47） μg/kg,其中醛类物质的种类和含量最丰富;OAV分析筛选出16 种主体香气物质,PLSR模型显示3-甲基丁醛、十二醛、十六醛、(Z)-9-十八烯醛和十八醛对盘县火腿肉香、清香和油脂香有显著贡献。     

分光光度法测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量的不确定度评定

目的根据JJF1059.1-2012《测定不确定度的评定与表示》和GB 5009.33-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量并进行不确定度评定。方法利用分光光度法测定火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量,并建立相应的数学模型对测定过程中的称量、定容、分取、稀释、测定等引入的不确定度来源及其分量进行系统的分析。结果火腿肠中亚硝酸盐含量为4.31mg/kg,置信概率为95%时,最终得到测量的扩展不确定度为0.138 mg/kg (k=2)。结论火腿肠亚硝酸盐测定过程中最主要的不确定度来源为最小二乘法拟合的曲线,可通过减小标准品称量、定容等操作误差对曲线绘制的影响,进而有效降低最终检测结果的扩展不确定度。     

基于SPME-GC-MS、电子鼻、电子舌技术联用对不同替代盐干腌火腿风味成分表征

研究不同食盐配方对干腌发酵火腿理化特性、细菌菌群变化、挥发性风味物质、风味特征的影响.以4种盐配方发酵火腿,分别为对照组(CK:100％氯化钠)、替代组1(K:30％乳酸钾+70％氯化钠)、替代组2(K+L:18％乳酸钾+12％赖氨酸+70％氯化钠)、替代组3(K+J:18％乳酸钾+12％精氨酸+70％氯化钠).结果表...     

Influence of intramuscular fat content on lipid composition,sensory qualities and consumer acceptability of cured cooked ham

The present study is part of a project which aims to examine the influence of intramuscular fat (IMF) content on the sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of pork. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of IMF level in muscle semimembranosus (SM) on the composition of its lipid fraction and on the sensory qualities and consumer acceptability of cured cooked hams. Thirty‐two carcasses were selected 24 h after slaughter from 125 Duroc × Landrace castrated male pigs showing large variability in SM muscle IMF content and were assigned to four IMF groups: ≤2%, 2–3%, 3–4% and >4%. Cured cooked ham slices were evaluated by a trained expert panel of 12 members and by a group of 56 consumers. Results from lipid analyses indicate that (i) an increase in IMF content was almost entirely reflected by an increase in the triglyceride content of the muscle and (ii) higher IMF levels were associated with higher free fatty acid and monoglyceride and lower cholesterol levels. The sensory evaluation of marbling significantly increased with IMF level, whereas other sensory qualities were unaffected. High IMF levels significantly depreciated the consumer perception of fat, aspect, taste and smell of ham slices. Overall, slices with the highest IMF levels got the least favourable rating by consumers. The present study indicates that increased IMF levels in muscle semimembranosus do not have significant effects on the sensory attributes of cured cooked hams, apart from the perception of marbling. However, high IMF levels have detrimental effects on the acceptability by consumers. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

酶制剂加速腊肉腌制过程的研究现状

本文详细介绍了几种影响蛋白质及脂肪降解的内源酶的作用机理,并在此基础上阐述了外源酶制荆在缩短腊肉腌制过程中的作用。     

Reduction of Boar Taint Compounds in Kraski prsut through Dry-curing Process

Given that surgical castration of male pigs could be abandoned, the problem of product acceptability can become critical in dry-cured hams, especially when raw material comes from conventional pig husbandry. In this study, we have investigated 16 thighs harvested from 8 entire male fatteners that were submitted to 15 months of dry-curing process. Skatole and androstenone were determined in subcutaneous fat before (n = 8) and post processing (n = 16). After 15 months of dry-curing, markedly lower fat tissue concentrations of androstenone (36%) and skatole (20%) were determined. The reduction was independent of the level of boar taint substances.     

Effects of breed and age at slaughter on degradation of muscle lipids during processing of dry‐cured hams

Hams from Landrace, Duroc and Hampshire pigs slaughtered at ages 6, 7.5 and 9 months were processed to generate Norwegian Parma‐style hams. Lipid contents and the compositions of fatty acid classes (ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA) within neutral lipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids were determined. Small differences in lipid degradation and composition of the classes were revealed. However, significant sensory differences related to lipids were observed. Breed was more important than age. Dry‐cured Hampshire hams gave a more intense mature odour that may be associated with higher overall lipid degradation. Unexpectedly, these hams also demonstrated high juiciness and tenderness, which could be related to the melting characteristics of the fat. Dry‐cured Duroc hams showed a higher susceptibility towards rancidity, presumably associated with preferential oxidation of n‐6 fatty acids relative to C18:1 n‐9. Dry‐cured Landrace hams showed the lowest juiciness and tenderness, likely due to their lower fat content (marbling).     

Lipolysis,lipid peroxidation and texture of Serrano ham processed under different ripening temperature conditions

Lipolysis, lipid peroxidation, texture and rancid taste were investigated in Serrano hams processed under low, medium and high ripening temperature conditions (RTC) for 15 months. Medium RTC hams showed the highest contents of saturated and monounsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) from month 5 to 15 and of polyunsaturated FFAs from month 7 to 12. The primary peroxidation index decreased during ripening in all hams, with higher levels for low RTC hams from month 5 onwards. Contrarily, the secondary peroxidation index increased during ripening in all hams, with higher levels for medium RTC hams from month 7 onwards. Texture parameters varied significantly among ham muscles. Shear force increased during ripening in all hams, with higher values for medium RTC hams, whereas cutting force was not influenced by RTC or ripening time. Rancid taste scarcely developed during ripening and was not affected by RTC.