超临界CO2萃取小麦胚芽油的研究

用超临界ＣＯ２萃取小麦胚芽油，较一般压榨法及有机溶剂萃取法得到的油品质好，出油率高，且无毒无副作用，经试验研究得到了压力，时间、温度、ＣＯ２流量及物料水分含量等萃取操作的最佳条件，萃取率可达８５％以上，为进一步的奠定了基础。     

小麦调质通风技术的研究

以小麦为原料,对低水分小麦的吸湿状态进行了研究.研究发现:在一定范围内,湿度相同的条件下,谷物的吸湿效果随通风量的增加而提高.试验所确定的最佳条件为:加湿2 h,通自然风1 h的通风模式,加湿湿度为90%～95%,通风量为5～20 m3/t·h.通自然风的方式可消除在加湿过程中产生的水分含量梯度.     

人工蜂群算法优化支持向量机的分类研究

为了提高支持向量机分类准确率,采用人工蜂群算法对支持向量机参数进行优化,并将该优化方法应用于小麦完好粒、霉变粒和发芽粒三类麦粒的识别。使用小波变换分解信号能量作为特征向量,以分类错误率的倒数作为适应度函数,利用人工蜂群算法对支持向量机的惩罚因子和核函数宽度参数进行优化,优化SVM方法对小麦完好粒、霉变粒和发芽粒的分类正确率达到86%以上。实验结果表明,该研究有较强的实用价值,为SVM性能优化提供了一种新的方法。     

免化学试剂-离子色谱法测定小麦粉中溴酸钾的不确定度评定

利用离子色谱法测定了小麦粉中溴酸盐,对溴酸盐测量不确定度的来源进行了分析和量化评定.实验测得:当小麦粉中的溴酸盐含量为0.42mg·kg-1时,扩展不确定度为0.08mg·kg-1(k=2).     

The Size-Dependent Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Germination,Early Seedling Development and Polar Metabolite Profile of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to plant seeds germination and seedlings development depends on nanoparticles properties and concentration, as well as plant species and stress tolerance degrees. In the present study, the effect of citrate-stabilized spherical Ag NPs (20 mg/L) in sizes of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 nm, on wheat grain germination, early seedlings development, and polar metabolite profile in 3-day-old seedlings were analyzed. Ag NPs, regardless of their sizes, did not affect the germination of wheat grains. However, the smaller nanoparticles (10 and 20 nm in size) decreased the growth of seedling roots. Although the concentrations of total polar metabolites in roots, coleoptile, and endosperm of seedlings were not affected by Ag NPs, significant re-arrangements of carbohydrates profiles in seedlings were noted. In roots and coleoptile of 3-day-old seedlings, the concentration of sucrose increased, which was accompanied by a decrease in glucose and fructose. The concentrations of most other polar metabolites (amino acids, organic acids, and phosphate) were not affected by Ag NPs. Thus, an unknown signal is released by small-sized Ag NPs that triggers affection of sugars metabolism and/or distribution.     

Proteomic Analysis of Roots Response to Potassium Deficiency and the Effect of TaHAK1-4A on K+ Uptake in Wheat

Potassium (K⁺) is essential for plant growth and stress responses. A deficiency in soil K⁺ contents can result in decreased wheat quality and productivity. Thus, clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying wheat responses to low-K⁺ (LK) stress is critical. In this study, a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in roots of the LK-tolerant wheat cultivar “KN9204” at the seedling stage after exposure to LK stress. A total of 104 DAPs were identified in the LK-treated roots. The DAPs related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, transport, stress responses and defense, and post-translational modifications under LK conditions were highlighted. We identified a high-affinity potassium transporter (TaHAK1-4A) that was significantly up-regulated after the LK treatment. Additionally, TaHAK1-4A was mainly expressed in roots, and the encoded protein was localized in the plasma membrane. The complementation assay in yeast suggested that TaHAK1-4A mediates K⁺ uptake under extreme LK conditions. The overexpression of TaHAK1-4A increased the fresh weight and root length of Arabidopsis under LK conditions and improved the growth of Arabidopsis athak5 mutant seedlings, which grow poorly under LK conditions. Moreover, silencing of TaHAK1-4A in wheat roots treated with LK stress decreased the root length, dry weight, K⁺ concentration, and K⁺ influx. Accordingly, TaHAK1-4A is important for the uptake of K⁺ by roots exposed to LK stress. Our results reveal the protein metabolic changes in wheat induced by LK stress. Furthermore, we identified a candidate gene potentially relevant for developing wheat lines with increased K⁺ use efficiency.     

Increasing the Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum) by Introducing Missense Mutations in the Q Gene

Grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) are important traits for wheat breeding and production; however, they are usually negatively correlated. The Q gene is the most important domestication gene in cultivated wheat because it influences many traits, including GY and GPC. Allelic variations in the Q gene may positively affect both GY and GPC. Accordingly, we characterized two new Q alleles (Q^s1 and Q^c1-N8) obtained through ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutagenesis. Compared with the wild-type Q allele, Q^s1 contains a missense mutation in the sequence encoding the first AP₂ domain, whereas Q^c1-N8 has two missense mutations: one in the sequence encoding the second AP₂ domain and the other in the microRNA172-binding site. The Q^s1 allele did not significantly affect GPC or other processing quality parameters, but it adversely affected GY by decreasing the thousand kernel weight and grain number per spike. In contrast, Q^c1-N8 positively affected GPC and GY by increasing the thousand kernel weight and grain number per spike. Thus, we generated novel germplasm relevant for wheat breeding. A specific molecular marker was developed to facilitate the use of the Q^c1-N8 allele in breeding. Furthermore, our findings provide useful new information for enhancing cereal crops via non-transgenic approaches.     

Mapping QTL for Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Chinese Wheat Landrace

Wheat stripe (yellow) rust is a worldwide disease that seriously reduces wheat grain yield and quality. Adult-plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust is generally more durable but usually controlled by multiple genes with partial resistance. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population was developed from a cross between a Chinese wheat landrace, Tutoumai, with APR to stripe rust, and a highly susceptible wheat cultivar, Siyang 936. The population was genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotyped for APR to stripe rust in four consecutive field experiments. Three QTLs, QYr.sdau-1BL, QYr.sdau-5BL, and QYr.sdau-6BL, were identified for APR to stripe rust, and explained 8.0–21.2%, 10.1–22.7%, and 11.6–18.0% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. QYr.sdau-1BL was further mapped to a 21.6 Mb region using KASP markers derived from SNPs identified by RNA-seq of the two parents. In the QYr.sdau-1BL region, 13 disease-resistance-related genes were differently expressed between the two parents, and therefore were considered as the putative candidates of QYr.sdau-1BL. This study provides favorable gene/QTL and high-throughput markers to breeding programs for marker-assisted selection of the wheat stripe rust APR genes.     

内蒙古春小麦生产现状与持续发展技术对策

对内蒙古自治区春小麦生产的发展历程进行了分析,归纳为缓慢、波动、快速、徘徊４个发展阶段。根据该自治区生产现状将全区划为７个一级区,并分析了每个区域春小麦生产发展的制约因素和主要矛盾,明确主攻目标,提出分类指导和区域化可持续发展应采取的技术措施。     

钾素对小麦生长发育及籽粒产量的影响

１９９３～１９９５年采取田间试验和池栽试验相结合的方法,对钾素的增产效应进行了研究。结果表明：高产条件下增施钾肥,能够增加小麦植株基部１,２节间粗度和壁厚,提高植株抗倒能力;能够提高叶面积系数,增加旗叶Ｃｈｌ含量,减少Ｏ_２~－产生,降生ＭＤＡ含量,延缓叶片衰老促进干物质积累与运转,增粒增重,从而显著增加小麦产量。但施钾量超过 １５０ｋｇ．ｈｍ~２以后其效果有所下降。