High-performance dispersant of coal–water slurry synthesized from wheat straw alkali lignin

Environmental concerns have stimulated interest in utilizing plant-derived materials in various industrial fields. The main objective of the present study was to synthesize a new type of high-performance lignin series dispersant of coal–water slurry (CWS) from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL), and determine the affecting factors in the reaction and the application performance for CWS preparation. The experimental results showed that the inherent viscosity and the sulfonic group content of the modified wheat straw alkali lignin (MSL) are the key factors affecting its dispersing effect for CWS. In the reaction, the reactant mass concentration and the sulfonating agent amount were changed to obtain the MSL with different inherent viscosities and sulfonic group contents, and the MSL with intermediate inherent viscosity (6.0 ml/g) and higher sulfonic group content (1.80 mmol g^− 1) was found to have excellent dispersing effect for CWS. The MSL obtained from optimized process was used as dispersant for CWS preparation, the studies of the properties of CWS showed that MSL has similar dispersing effect with naphtalenesulfonate–formaldehyde condensate, and far better dispersing effect than lignosulphonate. Recently this kind of new dispersant has been applied in several power plants in China.     

Functionalization of carbon support and its influence on the electrocatalytic behaviour of Pt/C in H2 and CO electrooxidation

Chemical modification of Carbon Vulcan XC-72R for fuel cell applications has been undertaken. Treated carbons were used as carriers for the deposition of Pt nanoparticles and used as electrocatalysts. The influence of the carbon treatment, as well as that of the Pt nanoparticles generation and their deposition route has been studied. The behaviour of the electrocatalysts in the CO and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) has been studied. It was observed that carbon pre-treatment lead to difference behaviour in the CO oxidation reaction compared with the performance over non treated supports. In this way, CO oxidation was controlled by the nature of the support rather than by the nature of the Pt particles alone.     

纯正黑色釉的研制

研究了用金属氧化物和硅酸盐材料直接制取纯正黑色釉的可行性，探讨了氧化铁、氧化铝、氧化钢、氧化信和氧化锰对黑釉性质的影响。     

联合制碱母液精制研究(下)

Brief review of the evolutive course of preparation and refining of mother liquor in Hou's soda-manufacturing Process and the historical root of inferior quality of the product from Hou's Process to that of Ammonium Soda Process. By determination in production, the technical causes of carrying of "escaping crystal" in flooding liquid from the salting out crystallizer and necessity of replacing the existing mother liquor Ⅱ vat by mother liquor Ⅱ settling tank. Theoretical and engineering basis of refining of mother liquor in Hou's Process is emphasized. Main results from field test of purification and filtration at low temperature of mother liquor Ⅱ prepared from three kinds of salt as raw material are introduced. Principle opinions of application on production are put forward.     

Effect of filler network on dynamic viscoelastic properties of uncured polymethylvinylsiloxanes filled with silica and carbon black

Dynamic properties of polymethylvinylsiloxane (PMVS) filled with filler‐blends composed of carbon black (CB) and silica (SiO₂) were investigated using an advanced rheometric expansion system. A variety of weight fraction of CB to SiO₂ were 0/100, 10/90, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30, 90/10, and 100/0, and a bifunctional organsilane, bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasurfane, was used to facilitate the filler dispersion. The results reveal that the incorporation of CB/SiO₂ filler‐blends into PMVS result in a reduced Payne effect. This effect reaches a minimum when the ratio of CB/SiO₂ approaches 1, and then it began to rebound with the ratio increase. Meanwhile, a characteristic Newtonian viscosity plateau appearing in low frequencies also significantly decreases, depending on the amount of CB or SiO₂ added. On the basis of a simplified Fowke model, we ascribe this phenomenon to the deteriorated filler network, which is predominantly induced by the totally different surface activity between CB and SiO₂. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3477–3482, 2006     

炭黑品种及用量对NBR/CHR并用胶性能的影响

研究了炭黑Ｎ６６０、Ｎ６３０、Ｎ７６２、天然气半补强炭黑及喷雾炭黑对ＮＢＲ／均聚氯醚橡胶（ＣＨＲ）并用胶性能的影响。试验结果表明，这些炭黑在ＮＢＲ／ＣＨＲ并用胶中的用量达到８０份时，并用胶的加工性能仍较好。随着炭黑用量的增大，ＮＢＲ／ＣＨＲ并用胶的耐四氯化碳性能提高；压缩永久变形、压缩温升及硬度增大；扯断伸长率和回弹值下降；而拉伸强度则是先升高，当炭黑用量达到６０份时即下降；撕裂强度也是先升高，而后在不同用量处出现下降趋势。     

亚硫酸盐法制浆废液的接枝共聚改性研究

首次报道了亚硫酸盐法制浆废液与丙烯酸类单体的接枝共聚改性反应。提出影响改性反应的主要因素是过氧化氢引发剂的用量,研究表明合适的引发剂用量为废液固体物干重的2.5%～3.0%。同时,随着接枝共聚反应中单体用量的提高,改性产物的粘度逐步提高。由于所生成基团的亲水性不同,在相同单体用量下,丙烯酰胺(AM)单体改性产物的粘度要高于丙烯酸(AA)单体改性产物。二元接枝共聚改性研究表明,随着AM单体用量比例的提高,产物的粘度也逐步上升。     

The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia

Five field experiments are described which measured the effect of take-all on grain yield of wheat when 5 levels of manganese fertilizer were applied in a factorial combination with 5 different types of nitrogen fertilizer.Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, either as ammonium sulphate or ammonium chloride, lowered the severity of take-all. By contrast, sodium nitrate had no effect on the incidence and severity of take-all. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate were equally effective at controlling take-all, suggesting that the chloride or sulphate ion had little or no effect on the disease.Manganese sulphate decreased take-all severity at two trial sites. Where manganese was deficient, an application of manganese lowered the severity of take-all, had no effect on the incidence and increased the dry matter and grain yields of the wheat plants. There were no beneficial effects of applied manganese if the wheat plants were adequately supplied with soil manganese.The results suggest that take-all is more severe where plants are deficient in either manganese or nitrogen. The work also suggests that manganese deficiency is not necessarily the reason why the wheat plants grown on the acid soils of south-west Western Australia are prone to take-all.     

Chemical Composition Determination at the Bottom Region of a Recovery Boiler Furnace by Direct Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy

An optimization strategy has been applied to describe the chemical composition at the furnace bottom in the Kraft recovery boiler of a pulp production process. The concentrations of each involved chemical species were calculated through an optimization approach, minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the system. Various systems were proposed and tested, assuming different chemical species and phases number. Because serious initialization problems were found at this stage for some of the proposed systems, an optimization heuristic method (PSO) was used for the first approach to the problem. Once the appropriate phases number and chemical species in the system were determined, the initialization problems disappeared and the use of a deterministic optimization method (SQP) became viable. The proposed approach has shown to be satisfactory to reproduce industrial data and also data reported in the open scientific literature.     

轮胎胎面胶耐磨性能研究

选择NR ,SBR和BR以及炭黑N3 3 9,N2 3 4,N2 2 0和N110等构成的体系 ,对胎面胶在不同压力、磨耗角度及磨耗里程下的耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,当NR/BR并用比为 70 / 3 0、炭黑N2 3 4/N110并用比为 40 / 12时 ,胎面胶的耐磨性能最佳。