Potential of Cultivated Ganoderma lucidum Mushrooms for the Production of Supplements Enriched with Essential Elements

Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom species and there is continuous interest in its bioactive properties. This study evaluated whether it may additionally serve as a nutritional supplement for the trace elements: selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Mushrooms were cultivated on substrates enriched with 0.1 to 0.8 mM of inorganic Se alone or in combination with Zn and/or Cu. Supplementation increased accumulation of the elements in fruiting bodies regardless of the applied cultivation model. G. lucidum demonstrated the ability to accumulate significant amounts of organic Se, maximally amounting to (i) over 44 mg/kg when the substrate was supplemented only with Se, (ii) over 20 mg/kg in the Se+Cu model, (iii) over 25 mg/kg in the Se+Zn model, and (iv) 15 mg/kg in the Se+Cu+Zn model. The accumulation of Cu and Zn steadily increased with their initial substrate concentrations. Maximum concentrations found after supplementation with 0.8 mM amounted to over 55 mg/kg (Se+Zn) and 52 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Zn, and 29 mg/kg (Se+Cu) and over 31 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Cu. The greater the supplemented concentration and number of supplemented elements, the lower the biomass of G. lucidum fruiting bodies. Nevertheless, it still remained high when the substrate was supplemented up to 0.4 mM with each element. These results highlight that G. lucidum can easily incorporate elements from the substrate and that, when biofortified, its dried fruiting bodies may serve as a nutritional source of these essential elements.     

超声波辅助提取口蘑菌丝体多糖工艺优化

以蒙古口蘑菌丝体为原料,采用超声波技术辅助提取口蘑菌丝体多糖,以超声功率、超声时间、液料比、提取温度进行单因素试验,再通过四因素三水平的正交试验筛选出口蘑菌丝体多糖提取的最佳条件。结果表明:当超声功率为18%(额定功率900 W)、超声时间20 min、液料比401(Vm)、提取温度75℃时,口蘑菌丝体多糖提取率高达13.96%。     

ICP-MS法测定云南省8 种野生牛肝菌中矿质元素含量

以云南省8 种野生牛肝菌为对象,研究子实体不同部位矿质元素含量、吸收和积累特征。采用微波消解处理样品,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定云南省8 种野生牛肝菌子实体菌柄、菌盖中Mg、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Li、Ba 12 种矿质元素的含量,并用SPSS软件进行方差分析,从元素的角度对其进行安全性评价,分析牛肝菌中矿质元素的含量水平。结果显示,标准品（GBW 10015）中12 种矿质元素回收率在88%～105%之间,检出限在0.036～9.456 μg/L之间,表明该方法准确、可靠;8 种野生牛肝菌菌柄与菌盖中含有丰富的Fe、Mg、Mn、Zn和Cu元素;Zn、Mg、Cu、Cr和As元素在多数子实体内菌盖的含量高于菌柄,Li和Ba在多数牛肝菌样品中菌柄含量较高;有毒重金属元素Pb、As、Cd、Ni和Cr含量均高于GB 2762-2012《食品中污染物的限量》的规定,对人体健康有潜在风险。通过数据分析表明,野生牛肝菌中12 种矿质元素含量具有显著差异,同一元素在不同牛肝菌中的含量差异较大,相同子实体菌柄与菌盖中含量差异显著,对矿质元素和重金属元素有较好的吸收和富集能力。     

野生葡萄及其F1代副梢遗传规律的研究

对西北农林科技大学野生葡萄种植资源圃61类野生葡萄连续3年调查,结果表明,野生葡萄副梢性状类型分布广泛,副梢长度和形成率变异均不服从正态分布,表现出质量性状特征.主梢长度和副梢长度表现为极显著正相关(R=0.6271,P＜0.0001).以长副梢、短副梢葡萄种类进行杂交的燕山×河岸为例,F1代副梢形成率呈连续性变异,表现出数量性状遗传特征;副梢长度变异不服从正态分布,表现出质量性状遗传特征.说明中国野生葡萄和美洲种葡萄在副梢长度和形成率遗传方面存在差异.     

盐渍对双孢菇多糖的影响

将盐渍和未盐渍的双孢菇分别经热水提取、乙醇沉淀得粗多糖,结果表明未盐渍双孢菇粗多糖的得率比盐渍双孢菇粗多糖高2倍。两份粗多糖经Sevag法除去蛋白质后上DEAE-纤维素柱层析,分别用蒸馏水和0.05mol/LNaCl溶液洗脱,得到多糖纯品组分Ab-I、Ab-I’和Ab-II、Ab-II’。SepharoseCL-4B测得盐渍与未盐渍双孢菇多糖的Ab-I和Ab-I’分子量均为7.79×104。红外光谱分析表明盐渍处理对双孢菇多糖结构未产生显著影响。多糖抗氧化能力测定的结果表明未盐渍双孢菇多糖的粗品和纯品的抗氧化能力均比盐渍双孢菇多糖的高。     

New protein PCiP from edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) activating murine macrophages and splenocytes

A new immunomodulatory protein (PCiP) was purified from an edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) by extraction with 5% (v/v) cold acetic acid in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) 2‐mercaptoethanol, followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DE‐52 and MonoQ anion‐exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis assays demonstrated that the molecular mass of PCiP was approximately 15.0 kDa and its pI was around 5.2. PCiP is a simple protein without carbohydrate, and cannot agglutinate mouse red blood cells, suggesting PCiP is not a lectin. In addition, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) alone activated murine splenocytes, and markedly increased their proliferation and gamma‐interferon (IFN‐γ secretion, but suppressed MTT metabolization, while murine splenocytes were simultaneously stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA). Furthermore, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) directly activated murine macrophages and increased the production of both the nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α by RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings suggest that PCiP could strengthen both the innate and adaptive responses of its host. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

野生与池养刀鲚肌肉品质特性及抗氧化性的比较分析

比较研究了野生和池养刀鲚（Coilia nasus）肌肉营养成分组成、质构特性和抗氧化特性。结果显示,野生刀鲚肌肉中水分、羟脯氨酸、胶原蛋白含量以及胶原蛋白/总蛋白比值均显著低于池养型,而脂肪含量则显著提高;两者的蛋白质含量、pH均无显著性差异;池养刀鲚肌肉弹性、硬度、咀嚼度、胶着性相较于野生型呈上升趋势,但无统计学差异。野生刀鲚肌肉中SOD、CAT、T-AOC、MDA、GSH-PX、iNOS、GSH/GSSG均显著高于池养型。表明野生和池养刀鲚营养品质存在差异,建议在人工养殖刀鲚中应该注意饵料的种类和丰度,其养殖模式有待进一步改善。     

离子色谱法测定大白口蘑、绒柄牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌中阴离子含量

采用超声波辅助提取-离子色谱法测定大白口蘑、绒柄牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌3种食用菌中F－、Cl－、NO2、NO3、PO4五种阴离子含量。结果表明：3种样品中,离子含量均表现为NO3＞PO4＞F－＞Cl－,且NO2均未检测出;同一种离子在不同样品中的含量各有差异。本研究为食用菌中阴离子含量的监测提供参考,同时对其他物种的安全监督具有指导意义。     

野生猕猴桃果酒发酵原料筛选与最佳配比研究

以野生猕猴桃汁、大米、玉米粉、蔗糖为原料,通过L16(45)正交试验,以产酒为指标,结合发酵液状态及果酒口感,进行野生猕猴桃果酒发酵原料最佳配方的筛选。结果表明,野生猕猴桃果酒最佳的发酵原料配比为:大米6%,猕猴桃汁35%,蔗糖8%,玉米粉无需添加。以此组合酿制所得的猕猴桃果酒具猕猴桃果汁的天然色泽且口感较好,其酒精度为8.9%vol。     

HACCP在蘑菇罐头生产中的应用探讨

本文运用HACCP详细分析了蘑菇罐头加工过程中潜在的危害,确定了蘑菇罐头生产过程中的关键控制点。探讨了将HACCP系统应用于蘑菇罐头生产,以提高产品的质量和安全性。