Influence of temperature on continuous high gravity brewing with yeasts immobilized on spent grains

Flavor compounds’ formation and fermentative parameters of continuous high gravity brewing with yeasts immobilized on spent grains were evaluated at three different temperatures (7, 10 and 15 °C). The assays were performed in a bubble column reactor at constant dilution rate (0.05 h⁻¹) and total gas flow rate (240 ml/min of CO₂ and 10 ml/min of air), with high-gravity all-malt wort (15°Plato). The results revealed that as the fermentation temperature was increased from 7 to 15 °C, the apparent and real degrees of fermentation, rate of extract consumption, ethanol volumetric productivity and consumption of free amino nitrogen (FAN) increased. In addition, beer produced at 15 °C presented a higher alcohols to esters ratio (2.2–2.4:1) similar to the optimum values described in the literature. It was thus concluded that primary high-gravity (15°Plato) all-malt wort fermentation by continuous process with yeasts immobilized on spent grains, can be carried out with a good performance at 15 °C.     

Influence of grape variety and their phenolic composition on vasorelaxing activity of young red wines

Red wine has been reported to exert beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases probably due to their polyphenols constituents. The vasorelaxant capacity and phenolic composition of four monovarietal young red wines Merlot, Tempranillo, Garnacha and Cabernet-Sauvignon obtained from grapes from 2004 vintage, cultivated under the same climatic and agricultural conditions, wine-making technology and storage conditions, were determined using vascular reactivity assay in rat aortic and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells from Wistar rats were also used to evaluate their survival prevention activity as well. Every studied wine present vasorelaxation effect, but the higher value corresponds to the analyzed Merlot wine, especially rich in phenolic compounds, mainly catechins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins and anthocyanin glycosides. This study further demonstrated previous investigations about the phenolic composition of wines relation with their vasorelaxation activity.     

桔子果酒酿造工艺研究

以四川桔为原料,研究桔子果酒生产工艺,通过单因素试验考察不同的酵母菌接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值、主发酵温度、SO2添加量对桔子果酒的酒精度和品质的影响。选取4因素3水平的正交试验对桔子果酒发酵工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,控制主发酵温度为22℃,酵母接种量为7%,SO2添加量为70mg/L,初始pH值为3.7,调整初始糖浓度为18°Bx的条件下可酿出色香味俱全的优质桔子果酒。     

发酵型无核黄皮甜米酒的研制

以郁南无核黄皮果为特色辅料通过全发酵制得黄皮保健糯米甜酒。探讨了主要发酵工艺及原料配比、黄酒高活性干酵母(YWBY)接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间和料水比对产品的影响。结果显示,在糖化醪中加入6.0%黄皮干粉,采用料水比为1:1.0,接入0.08%YWBY,26℃发酵8d,再经后发酵、压榨、澄清、灭菌等,酿造的黄皮甜米酒,酒体橙黄色,醇厚,甘甜爽口,保持了黄皮果的特征香味与治疗价值,有独特的风味。     

The production of yellow pigments from (+)-catechin and dihydroxyfumaric acid in a model wine system

The oxidation of tartaric acid by hydroxyl radicals, produced by gamma-irradiation of aqueous solutions of tartaric acid, was shown to generate dihydroxyfumaric acid. To confirm the importance of this oxidative degradation pathway in wine oxidation, dihydroxyfumaric acid was itself reacted with (+)-catechin in a wine-like solution and the yellow pigments formed were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) studies as xanthylium cations. The concentration of these pigments increased if the wine-like system also contained 0.6 mg/L copper(II). The results clearly demonstrate a link between the production of yellow xanthylium cation pigments from (+)-catechin and the degradation of tartaric acid by hydroxyl radicals.     

Changes in the volatile composition of red wines during aging in oak barrels due to microoxygenation treatment applied before malolactic fermentation

Microoxygenation is a wine-making technique consisting in the addition of small and controlled amounts of oxygen. This study has examined the effect of this technique on the volatile composition of two red single variety wines during two successive vintages. The microoxygenation treatment was applied at the end of alcoholic fermentation and before beginning malolactic fermentation. Once the microoxygenation treatment had finished, wines were aged in new American oak barrels for 12 months. The results obtained showed that the microoxygenation treatment did not cause significant changes in the varietal and fermentation volatile compounds, however microoxygenation slowed down the extraction of some of the volatile compounds extracted from wood. A varietal and vintage effect was also observed for some of the compounds studied.