Two-phase flow in high-heat-flux micro-channel heat sink for refrigeration cooling applications: Part II—heat transfer characteristics

This paper is the second of a two-part study concerning two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of R134a in a micro-channel heat sink incorporated as an evaporator in a refrigeration cycle. Boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured by controlling heat flux (q″ = 15.9 − 93.8 W/cm²) and vapor quality (x_e = 0.26 − 0.87) over a broad range of mass velocity. While prior studies point to either nucleate boiling or annular film evaporation (convective flow boiling) as dominant heat transfer mechanisms in small channels, the present study shows heat transfer is associated with different mechanisms for low, medium and high qualities. Nucleate boiling occurs only at low qualities (x_e < 0.05) corresponding to very low heat fluxes, and high fluxes produce medium quality (0.05 < x_e < 0.55) or high quality (x_e > 0.55) flows dominated by annular film evaporation. Because of the large differences in heat transfer mechanism between the three quality regions, better predictions are possible by dividing the quality range into smaller ranges corresponding to these flow transitions. A new heat transfer coefficient correlation is recommended which shows excellent predictions for both R134a and water.     

COMPOSITION OF NON-STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES IN WORT AND SPENT GRAIN FROM BREWING TRIALS WITH MALT FROM A GOOD MALTING QUALITY BARLEY AND A FEED BARLEY

Worts and spent grains were obtained from pilot-scale brews using malts of two barley varieties differing in malting quality. Triumph was used as an example of a good malting quality barley and Golf as a typical feed grade barley. Arabinoxylan concentrations were similar in worts of both varieties, whereas (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucan concentrations were much higher in wort prepared from Golf malt than in wort from Triumph malt. From the worts, polysaccharide fractions were isolated by ethanol precipitation and characterised. Results indicated the presence of high molecular weight arabinoxylans and (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucans. The arabinose to xylose ratios in the precipitates were considerably higher than in total worts. Methylation analysis showed little differences between precipitated wort arabinoxylans from both varieties. In comparison to water-insoluble arabinoxylans extracted from barley and malt, the precipitated wort arabinoxylans were richer in xylopyranose residues substituted with arabinose residues at both 0–2 and 0–3. Viscosities of the hopped worts of both varieties decreased after treatment with endoxylanase 1 from Aspergillus awamori. This confirms that arabinoxylans play a role in determining wort viscosity, possibly through interactions with (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucans.     

Highly Crystalline Soluble Acene Crystal Arrays for Organic Transistors: Mechanism of Crystal Growth During Dip‐Coating

The preparation of uniform large‐area highly crystalline organic semiconductor thin films that show outstanding carrier mobilities remains a challenge in the field of organic electronics, including organic field‐effect transistors. Quantitative control over the drying speed during dip‐coating permits optimization of the organic semiconductor film formation, although the kinetics of crystallization at the air–solution–substrate contact line are still not well understood. Here, we report the facile one‐step growth of self‐aligning, highly crystalline soluble acene crystal arrays that exhibit excellent field‐effect mobilities (up to 1.5 cm V^?1 s^?1) via an optimized dip‐coating process. We discover that optimized acene crystals grew at a particular substrate lifting‐rate in the presence of low boiling point solvents, such as dichloromethane (b.p. of 40.0 °C) or chloroform (b.p. of 60.4 °C). Variable‐temperature dip‐coating experiments using various solvents and lift rates are performed to elucidate the crystallization behavior. This bottom‐up study of soluble acene crystal growth during dip‐coating provides conditions under which one may obtain uniform organic semiconductor crystal arrays with high crystallinity and mobilities over large substrate areas, regardless of the substrate geometry (wafer substrates or cylinder‐shaped substrates).     

Extreme Two‐Phase Cooling from Laser‐Etched Diamond and Conformal,Template‐Fabricated Microporous Copper

This paper reports the first integration of laser‐etched polycrystalline diamond microchannels with template‐fabricated microporous copper for extreme convective boiling in a composite heat sink for power electronics and energy conversion. Diamond offers the highest thermal conductivity near room temperature, and enables aggressive heat spreading along triangular channel walls with 1:1 aspect ratio. Conformally coated porous copper with thickness 25 µm and 5 µm pore size optimizes fluid and heat transport for convective boiling within the diamond channels. Data reported here include 1280 W cm^?2 of heat removal from 0.7 cm² surface area with temperature rise beyond fluid saturation less than 21 K, corresponding to 6.3 × 10⁵ W m^?2 K^?1. This heat sink has the potential to dissipate much larger localized heat loads with small temperature nonuniformity (5 kW cm^?2 over 200 µm × 200 µm with <3 K temperature difference). A microfluidic manifold assures uniform distribution of liquid over the heat sink surface with negligible pumping power requirements (e.g., <1.4 × 10^?4 of the thermal power dissipated). This breakthrough integration of functional materials and the resulting experimental data set a very high bar for microfluidic heat removal.     

动态散斑用于确定高斯光束曲率中心位置

本文通过推导高斯光束照明的毛玻璃产生的散斑的互相关函数,得出此光源的曲率中心经光学系统的成像面为激光动态散斑的纯沸腾面。由此给出确定高斯光束曲率中心位置的方法。     

膜态沸腾球体水下运动减阻特性

为揭示膜态沸腾球体水下运动减阻机理,基于计算流体力学方法,采用Mixture多相流模型,耦合蒸发-冷凝相变模型,对亚临界雷诺数范围内的膜态沸腾球体绕流减阻特性进行数值仿真,得到的阻力系数与文献[11]实验结果具有较好的一致性。对比分析了普通球体与膜态沸腾球体的绕流特性,研究了雷诺数对膜态沸腾球体绕流特性的影响,分析了膜态沸腾球体绕流运动减阻机理。仿真结果表明:膜态沸腾球体蒸汽膜的存在使球体壁面的无滑移边界条件转化为蒸汽膜的滑移边界条件,减小了壁面对流体的粘滞作用,使流动分离点向尾部移动,减小了球体绕流阻力;蒸汽会在球体尾部发生堆积,随着雷诺数的增大,堆积位置向后移动,阻力系数变小,尾部流动更趋于流线型。     

纳米Mn-Zn铁氧体制备过程中的元素补偿研究

采用回流制备方法,通过对比实验和化学定量分析,研究了Fe2+的催化作用以及对Mn、Zn元素实施补偿的可行性,得出试样中金属元素的摩尔比。实验发现:pH≤9.6时,Fe2+对合成反应具有明显的催化作用。初始pH>7时,Zn元素能进行补偿;初始pH>8.5时,Mn元素才能进行补偿。XRD和TEM研究表明,Mn-Zn铁氧体纳米粒子为球形,平均粒径约为4.35nm。     

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY TBP-FRACTIONS (455°C+) OF ARABIAN CRUDE OILS

A generalized kinematic viscosity-temperature correlation for undefined liquid heavy petroleum fractions has been developed to represent the data for a wide range of temperature from 100°C to 200°C. The correlation is based on the experimental kinematic viscosity data of true boiling point fractions of four Arabian crude oils. The characterization property required for estimation is 50% boiling point. The proposed correlation fits the experimental data with an overall absolute error of 6.1%. Experimental measurements of kinematic viscosity of heavy true boiling point fractions of Arabian crude oils were also obtained in order to develop the proposed correlation.     

麦芽隆丁区分在生产过程中的变化与重要性

对麦芽隆丁区分在生产中的变化作了深入的阐述。