Recent advances on the use of adsorbent materials for detoxification of Fusarium mycotoxins

The extensive use of adsorbents in the livestock industry has led to the introduction of a wide range of new products on the market, most of them claiming high in vitro mycotoxin adsorption capacity. However, adsorbents that may appear effective in vitro do not necessarily retain their efficacy when tested in vivo. Studies performed in our laboratory during the past few years aiming to evaluate the efficacy of various adsorbent materials in binding Fusarium mycotoxins are reported. Adsorption experiments were performed in in vitro screening tests for Fusarium mycotoxins at different pHs; by in vivo tests using the increase of the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in rat urine and tissues as a biomarker of fumonisin exposure; and by a dynamic, computer-controlled, gastrointestinal model simulating the gastrointestinal tract of healthy pigs. Most of the commercially available mycotoxin-binders failed in sequestering in vitro Fusarium mycotoxins. Only for a small number of adsorbent materials was the ability to bind more than one mycotoxin demonstrated. Cholestyramine was proven to be an effective binder for fumonisins and zearalenone in vitro, which was confirmed for zearalenone in experiments using a dynamic gastrointestinal model and for fumonisins in in vivo experiments. No adsorbent materials, with the exception of activated carbon, showed relevant ability in binding deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The in vitro efficacy of activated carbon toward fumonisins was not confirmed in vivo by the biomarker assay. The dynamic gastrointestinal model was a reliable tool to study the effectiveness of adsorbent materials in reducing the bioaccessibility of Fusarium mycotoxins, as an alternative to the more difficult and time-consuming studies with domestic livestock.     

A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study

Fungi are distributed worldwide and can be found in various foods and feedstuffs from almost every part of the world. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species and may impose food safety risks to human health. Among all mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON and T‐2 toxin), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FMN) have received much attention due to high frequency and severe health effects in humans and animals. Malaysia has heavy rainfall throughout the year, high temperatures (28 to 31 °C), and high relative humidity (70% to 80% during wet seasons). Stored crops under such conditions can easily be contaminated by mycotoxin‐producing fungi. The most important mycotoxins in Malaysian foods are AFs, OTA, DON, ZEN, and FMN that can be found in peanuts, cereal grains, cocoa beans, and spices. AFs have been reported to occur in several cereal grains, feeds, nuts, and nut products consumed in Malaysia. Spices, oilseeds, milk, eggs, and herbal medicines have been reported to be contaminated with AFs (lower than the Malaysian acceptable level of 35 ng/g for total AFs). OTA, a possible human carcinogen, was reported in cereal grains, nuts, and spices in Malaysian market. ZEN was detected in Malaysian rice, oat, barley, maize meal, and wheat at different levels. DON contamination, although at low levels, was reported in rice, maize, barley, oat, wheat, and wheat‐based products in Malaysia. FMN was reported in feed and some cereal grains consumed in Malaysia. Since some food commodities are more susceptible than others to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination, more stringent prevention and control methods are required.     

玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体的制备及特性分析

合成玉米赤霉烯酮半抗原,应用液相色谱-质谱联用法进行鉴定,并采用活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白OVA或BSA偶联,分别作为免疫原或包被原,并通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和紫外扫描法鉴定偶联效果,免疫3只BALB/c小鼠,制备玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体。结果表明:抗血清效价最高达1∶32 000,以此多抗建立的玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争标准曲线IC50为39.8ng/mL,IC10为0.71ng/mL,多抗与玉米赤霉烯酮类似物β-zearalenol、zear-alanone、α-zearalanol、β-zearalanol交叉反应率分别为4.80%,3.07%,0.96%,0.09%。说明试验成功制备了玉米赤霉烯酮人工抗原及高特异性多克隆抗体。     

3株降解玉米赤霉烯酮芽孢杆菌的快速鉴定

为了快速确定筛选的3株降解玉米赤霉烯酮的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. YW、Bacillus sp. CP、Bacillus sp. GJ)的分类地位,利用形态学、生理生化特性、保守持家基因的进化分析及特异性PCR对菌株进行鉴定。3株芽孢杆菌的形态特征及生理生化特性非常相似,均产芽孢;结合16S rDNA序列分析、gyrA基因的系统发育树及特异引物PCR结果显示,菌株YW和CP属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株GJ属于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。本研究表明保守持家基因序列分析及特异性PCR,能够快速、灵敏地对芽孢杆菌近缘物种进行分子鉴定,为功能性微生物菌株的快速筛选鉴定提供参考。     

对虾肠道中产毒镰孢菌抑制菌的筛选与鉴定

为了获得对产毒镰孢菌具有抑制效应的海洋细菌,从对虾肠道中分离细菌,并将分离得到的优势细菌与产T-2毒素的禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)(FG1207)进行固体对峙培养,具有抑菌圈的细菌菌落即为产毒镰孢菌的抑制菌。然后选取对FG1207具有抑制作用的细菌与FG1207进行液体共同培养,用LC-MS/MS技术检测菌悬液中T-2毒素含量,最后对具有抑制FG1207的生长和降解T-2毒素效果的细菌进行16s r RNA序列鉴定和VITEK2细菌生化鉴定。实验结果分离得到8株优势细菌,其中一株对FG1207的生长具有明显的抑制作用;LC-MS/MS检测发现该细菌与FG1207共同培养菌悬液中未检测到T-2毒素,说明该细菌不仅能够抑制产毒镰孢菌的生长,还能降解T-2毒素。经16s r RNA鉴定该细菌为海洋尼泊尔葡萄球菌(Nepal Staphylococcus Aureus),相似度为99.93%,VITEK2细菌生化鉴定的相似度为96.86%。     

T-2毒素对凡纳滨对虾DNA黏度损伤效应

为探究T-2毒素对凡纳滨对虾DNA黏度的损伤效应,通过小牛胸腺DNA与T-2毒素作用,采用响应面分 析T-2毒素与DNA的最佳作用条件,通过体外T-2毒素与对虾DNA作用验证,以及喂食对虾T-2毒素进行蓄积染毒 后,观察其对DNA黏度的影响。结果：响应面分析优化出对DNA黏度影响最明显的反应条件为T-2毒素质量浓度 2.70 ng/mL、DNA质量浓度50 μg/mL、反应时间43 min;T-2毒素与对虾DNA体外作用,随着T-2毒素质量浓度的增 加,DNA黏度随之增大,在T-2毒素质量浓度为2.70 ng/mL时达到最大值,此后降低;喂食对虾T-2毒素进行蓄积染 毒对对虾DNA黏度的影响无明确规律,与体外对虾DNA实验结果并不相似。本研究阐明T-2毒素对对虾DNA黏度的 影响,对探讨T-2毒素的毒理作用具有一定的意义。     

利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮的模拟表位

目的:利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)模拟表位。方法:以抗ZEN单克隆抗体为配体,利用噬菌体七肽库淘选ZEN的模拟表位,采用了逐轮减少抗体包被浓度,交换使用封阻液中蛋白质种类的方法,经三轮淘选后,随机挑取20个克隆测序并以ELISA方法及竞争ELISA实验,以确定阳性克隆。结果:获得10种序列,ELISA显示其中两种序列为阳性克隆,抑制率达90%以上,其氨基酸序列分别为DAVILLM,HHCHWWH。结论:噬菌体展示技术可淘选到ZEN的模拟表位,淘选到的噬菌体粒子可作为毒素的替代品建立免疫学检测方法。     

Systematic survey on the prevalence of genes coding for staphylococcal enterotoxins SElM, SElO, and SElN

Staphylococcus aureus remains a leading cause of food-poisoning with substantial impact on public health. Using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-DNA enzyme immunoassay (PCR-DEIA), we studied the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) superantigens sem, sen, and seo, associated with the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), in 429 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. 294 (68.5%) isolates tested positive for at least one of the three SEl genes. In contrast to the fixed gene combination seg/sei also located on egc, a substantial number of isolates (n = 108) were found to bear only one or two of the genes encoding SElM, SElN, and SElO. Regarding the origin of the S. aureus isolates, a significant difference (P = 0.022) was found for the possession of seo (61.2% of blood isolates versus 42.9% of nasal strains). Also sem (not significantly) was found more common in blood isolates (52.1% versus 40.5%). The survey of the newly described SEl genes sem-seo supports the concept that most clinical S. aureus isolates harbor subsets of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. The potential contribution of seo and sem to the pathogenic potential of S. aureus has to be further evaluated.     

食品添加剂对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和T-2毒素 体外去除作用研究

目的为了探索食品中单端孢霉烯族毒素残留的控制方法,研究了多种食品添加剂对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和T-2毒素的体外去除作用。方法通过食品添加剂处理DON和T-2毒素,研究它们对DON和T-2毒素的体外去除作用。结果去除效果最显著是磷酸三钠、焦磷酸钠、碳酸钠,对DON的去除率分别为76.60%±3.70%、33.30%±3.10%、45.90%±3.30%,对T-2毒素的去除率分别为99.98%±0.01%、95.20%±2.10%、99.98%±0.01%,处理后毒素溶液中不含有已知产物,可能将DON、T-2毒素转化为新的未知产物。结论多种受试食品添加剂对DON、T-2毒素具有不同程度的去除作用。     

破伤风毒素C片段的基因克隆、重组表达及免疫原性

应用PCR技术直接从破伤风芽孢杆菌质粒DNA中扩增出 1 4Kd的破伤风毒素C片段基因 ,经DNA序列测定证明其为破伤风片段C基因。将此基因克隆入大肠杆菌谷胱甘肽 S 巯基转移酶融合表达载体pGEX 4T 2 ,构建成重组表达质粒pGEX TC。经SDS PAGE蛋白电泳鉴定 ,表达产物为 76Kd的特异性重组蛋白。免疫印迹实验证实 ,重组蛋白抗原是破伤风C片段抗原。动物实验证明此重组抗原具有良好的免疫原性 ,1μg免疫剂量可使动物产生 1～ 2IU/ml的破伤风抗毒素 ,ELISA抗体滴度可达 1∶80 0。