21世纪中国水坝安全管理、退役与建设的若干问题

从中国水库大坝建设的基本情况入手,分析了21世纪中国水库大坝建设管理中的若干问题,重点阐述了在水库大坝安全管理中的降等与报废制度,以及病险水库大坝的除险加固.同时,依据有关法规,提出了水库大坝建设与运用要符合流域综合规划的要求,注重生态环境的保护,以及与生态友好的水利水电工程技术等.倡导了人与自然和谐,建设绿色水工程,建立对各种资源可持续利用的良性循环机制.     

Beaver herbivory and its effect on cottonwood trees: influence of flooding along matched regulated and unregulated rivers

We compared beaver (Castor canadensis) foraging patterns on Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizenii) saplings and the probability of saplings being cut on a 10 km reach of the flow‐regulated Green River and a 8.6 km reach of the free‐flowing Yampa River in northwestern Colorado. We measured the abundance and density of cottonwood on each reach and followed the fates of individually marked saplings in three patches of cottonwood on the Yampa River and two patches on the Green River. Two natural floods on the Yampa River and one controlled flood on the Green River between May 1998 and November 1999 allowed us to assess the effect of flooding on beaver herbivory. Independent of beaver herbivory, flow regulation on the Green River has caused a decrease in number of cottonwood patches per kilometre of river, area of patches per kilometre, and average stem density within cottonwood patches. The number of saplings cut per beaver colony was three times lower on the Green River than on the Yampa River but the probability of a sapling being cut by a beaver was still higher on the Green River because of lower sapling density there. Controlled flooding appeared to increase the rate of foraging on the Green River by inundating patches of cottonwood, which enhanced access by beaver. Our results suggest regulation can magnify the impact of beaver on cottonwood through interrelated effects on plant spatial distribution and cottonwood density, with the result that beaver herbivory will need to be considered in plans to enhance cottonwood populations along regulated rivers. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

马迹塘大坝增设泄洪闸检修门的实践

马迹塘水电站为我国首座贯流式电站,大坝23孔泄洪闸没有设置检修门,工作弧门常年挡水而不能做启闭检修调试,出现门体锈蚀、止水撕裂、支铰发卡等严重危及泄洪闸安全运行的现象。经详细的技术、经济与施工难度比较后,选择了叠梁式检修闸门方案,在不降水位的情况下成功的设置了检修闸门。     

River regulation in Southern China: Ecological implications,conservation and environmental management

Southern China—i.e. China south of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River)—has a monsoon climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons and consequent effects on river discharge. There is considerable inter-year variation in the duration and intensity of the monsoon, and the region experiences frequent floods and droughts which cause considerable human misery. The importance of floods as an incentive for river regulation is apparent from the fact that 10% of China's area, inhabited by 65% of the population and responsible for 70% of the agricultural and industrial output, is below the flood level of major rivers. Irrigation and hydroelectric power are additional benefits to be derived from river regulation. China has a 4000 year history of river regulation, but most of the changes that have been made to riverine environments have not taken account of the ecological consequences. This review considers the ecological implications of planned or existing schemes for the regulation of southern Chinese rivers. Particular attention is paid to the Chang Jiang and Zhujiang (Pearl River) which, by volume of discharge, are the two largest rivers in China. Large-scale water-transfer projects and the planned construction of the biggest dam in the world (the Three Gorges High Dam) on the Chang Jiang have the potential to affect fisheries stocks and endangered fish species, to alter inundation patterns in wetlands of international conservation significance and may contribute to the extinction of the endemic and highly endangered Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) and Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer). In addition, deforestation and soil erosion in the Chang Jiang basin have given rise to siltation and degradation of floodplain habitats. In the Zhujiang, dam construction has caused reductions in fisheries stocks but here, as elsewhere in China, the ecologically damaging consequences of river regulation are exacerbated by overfishing and increasing pollution of rivers by sewage, pesticides and industrial wastes.     

百色水利枢纽RCC主坝表孔宽尾墩联合消能工设计与研究

介绍百色水利枢纽RCC主坝表孔宽尾墩联合消能工设计、试验研究成果。该工程泄洪流量大、下泄功率高、河床水深偏浅且地质条件较差，通过研究，确定采用“表孔宽尾墩 中孔跌流 底流式消力池”新型联合消能工，溢流面设置掺气坎，减轻溢流坝面气蚀破坏。消力池底板厚5～8m，附加底板锚筋，满足安全需要。     

阿斯旺大坝的泥沙效应及启示

阿斯旺大坝修建已经30多年了。本文着重介绍阿斯旺大坝带来的库区泥沙淤积，下辨河道演变和河口海岸的变化，以及采取的治理措施。结合我国大型水利工程建设，阐述阿斯旺大埂给我们的启示。     

湿喷丙乳砂浆在新安江大坝护面处理工程中的应用

新安江大坝浇筑施工时由于大坝部分坝段使用了低标号的300#火山灰水泥,构成了坝体混凝土的最薄弱环节。根据大坝首次安全定期检查的意见,300#火山灰混凝土坝面需进行护面处理。施工采用机械湿喷丙乳砂浆工艺。实践证明,护面处理工艺是成功的,达到了设计预期效果,具有喷层致密、不开裂,施工速度快,操作简单,经济性好等优点,特别适用于大面积薄层防渗防腐护面工程。     

大沅河水库大坝滑坡分析及处理

大沅河水库于1981年11月在放空水库时发生了主坝滑坡,分析其原因:主要是水库水位骤降和坝面大量堆放木材所致。根据上述滑坡原因,其处理措施是:在滑坡体下部用块石压重。块石重量采用饱和快剪的强度进行计算;严禁在坝面堆放木材和其它杂物。     

寒冷地区混凝土面板堆石坝垫层的设计

对于寒冷地区的钢筋混凝土面板堆石坝，应根据水库运行特征分区考虑垫层的设计．冬季水位以上区域重点考虑防冻涨问题；水位以下区域考虑垫层的基础及防渗两种功能协调共同发挥作用的问题．对于寒冷地区，垫层宽度的选择是造价、可靠性和施工进度要求的综合考虑结果．施工方法也是设计寒冷地区面板坝时必须考虑的主要因素之一．     

关于大坝景观设计问题浅析

针对已建成大坝在景观上存在的问题，提出关于大坝景观设计的一些看法。