人工深水湖渗流场及防渗方案三维仿真模拟研究

郑州市郑东新区龙湖规划水面面积为6．08km^2,为我国最大的城市人工湖。因其成湖地层主要为细砂,其建设存在开挖施工防渗、成湖后的有限防渗、地下水交换,以及防止周边地区浸没、盐渍化等问题。应用三维渗流有限元法数值模型对龙湖工程施工和运行期防渗方案进行了模拟仿真计算,给出了工程区地下水位、渗漏量、渗透坡降、渗流场的变化以及优化防渗方案。     

Restoration of small lakes through cooperative management: A suitable strategy for poverty‐laden areas in developing countries?

Lake Rupa is a small, subtropical, shallow lake with a surface area of 100 ha situated 600 m a.s.l. in Central Himalaya, Nepal. This degraded lake was studied between 2000 and 2006, with the goal of determining whether or not it could be restored by a community‐based cooperative of local people living in its catchment. Main threats to the lake, its aquatic life and its very existence include encroachment by excessive aquatic vegetation, sedimentation, and low in‐lake concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Small lakes (≤ 500 ha) are relatively prone to the process of ‘succession and climax’, although they also can be of social, environmental and ecological importance. Thus, their disappearance could spark social chaos and disorder in areas already having to cope with other rapid environmental changes. This means that credible mechanisms for revitalizing or protecting small lakes are an important goal. Accordingly, a lake cooperative of 329 households living in close vicinity to Lake Rupa was formed in 2002, by prioritizing traditional fishers, women and other deprived community members with the goals of respecting the citizenry and equity. Following the cooperative's campaigns directed at weed removal and fish stocking, encroachment of vegetation on the lake margins was halted, its aquatic weeds became under control, and its fisheries improved. In addition to the cooperative's restoration activities, several water quality parameters, including water transparency and DO and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, were monitored on a monthly basis. The measured water transparency was inconsistent, exhibiting large variations between 2000 and 2003. Relatively low, but consistent, values, however, were measured after 2004. The results imply that the removal of weeds, and sufficient nutrients and solar radiation are subsequently available to the lake's phytoplankton communities. Supporting this notion is that the chlorophyll‐a concentration spiked to 205 µg L⁻¹ in November 2006, the water transparency became consistent, and the DO concentration increased to >3.8 mg L⁻¹ during the critical months (March–May) after 2004. These water quality indicators indicated improvement in the degraded Lake Rupa, suggesting that the establishment of cooperatives such as that highlighted in this study could be a powerful and sustainable mechanism for restoring degraded lakes in similar socioeconomic settings by maintaining equity, by connecting communities with their resources, and by facilitating integrity, equity, citizenry and social justice.     

Solar ponds in alkaline lake and oil well regions

Solar ponds are probably the simplest technology available for the useful conversion of solar energy. The basic technology is proven. Solar ponds have been shown to be technically feasible and economically viable for many applications, particularly for thermal use. The electrical conversion and use of solar energy via solar ponds is still questionable, in general, for economic viability. By putting the untapped sources together in the South Plains region, it looks promising economically both for thermal and electrical conversions and applications. There are a number of alkaline lake basins randomly scattered in the South Plains region of the U.S.A. In that area, there are thousands of crude oil producing wells that produce brine in abundance. The selection of suitable alkaline lake basins as a solar pond site and as depository sites of brine from oil wells and the using of this brine and salty water from alkaline lakes makes the solar pond economically viable for both thermal and electrical demands in the area.     

太湖流域主要湖泊的水域动态变化

利用GIS和遥感技术对不同时期的地形图和遥感影像数据进行处理,获取3个时期(1971,1988,2002年)的太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积。结合多种文献资料,对太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积变化进行了研究,并分析了引起水域面积变化的主要因素。结果表明,1971~2002年期间太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积减少了188.87 km2;湖泊水域面积减少的主要原因是由于人类活动的影响。在实地调查研究的基础上,对合理利用与保护湖泊水资源的对策进行了探讨。     

对淮河下游治理形势和任务的几点认识

洪泽湖是黄河南下夺淮的产物。新中国成立后通过兴建一系列的控制工程，使其成为真正意义上的一座巨型平原水库，并对淮河下游地区防洪安全和水资源供给产生了巨大影响。深入研究淮河与洪泽湖的关系．对促进淮河下游治理具有现实的意义。     

太湖五里湖生态恢复的理论与实践

在针对太湖五里湖水质严重污染和生态严重退化的情况,从分析浅水湖泊生态恢复的理论入手,提出生态恢复过程中控源减污、生境改善、生态重建、稳态调控的四个关键步骤,评价了西五里湖生态恢复示范工程的效果,计算了示范工程区水生植物覆盖度和生物多样性指数,指出达到景观要求的草型清水稳态湖泊还需要一个漫长的演替过程。     

瑞士阿尔卑纳赫湖物质迁移路径研究

不断恶化的水质变化趋势需要对湖泊的水生生态进行更为广泛和深入的研究。物质的迁移和混合过程直接影响着化学和生物组分的分布,对于维系整个湖泊生态系统非常重要,理解这个复杂的过程有助于更好地保护和利用湖泊资源。为了更好地定量分析瑞士阿尔卑纳赫湖中物质的迁移路径,在研究中,用CE—QUAL—W2模型（二维）模拟物质的迁移和混合过程,与实测结果吻合良好,表明该模型较为准确地模拟了迁移和混合过程,为该模型应用于水质模拟和预测打下了坚实的基础。为了更好地反映物质的迁移过程,还采用热平衡方法计算了垂直扩散系数,并且证明单独的CTD监测能够获取可靠的垂直扩散系数,不必同时进行温度计链的监测。     

一种湖泊浮标近距离无线调制解调器设计

从千米级近距离通信具体要求出发,选择低功率甚高频无线电通信模块,设计1200bit/s调制解调器,集成到湖泊水文监测浮标终端机中,完成浮标站到岸站的遥测数据近距离传输,通信协议符合 CCITT-V23标准。应用实践表明通信链路稳定可靠,还可以在水库、入海口和近海进行水文水生态测验推广应用。     

黄河流域干旱区湖泊冰封期浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因子研究

为研究黄河流域上游干旱地区湖泊冰封期浮游植物群落结构及影响因子,选取干旱区典型湖泊——乌梁素海、奈伦湖为研究对象,于2019年3月冰封期进行采样调查,分析冰封期湖泊营养状态特征与浮游植物物种组成、数量及多样性指数,利用冗余分析(RDA)揭示浮游植物物种与环境因子影响关系,并运用方差分解分析主要环境因子的影响程度。结果表明,冰封期水体浮游植物共6门21属29种,其中硅藻12属16种,占据全部物种的55.2%;不同采样点浮游植物数量、生物量变化范围为3.2×10⁴～1.4×10⁵cells/L和0.047～0.328 mg/L,主要优势种以尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、美丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)、双头辐节藻(Stauroneis anceps)等硅藻为主;不同浮游植物多样性指数H′范围0.70～1.74,介于中度污染,表明研究湖泊浮游植物多样性相对较差;不同采样点位之间浮游植物群落相似性主要处于Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,即极不相似和轻度相似,表明各采样点之间浮游植物群落结构具有较为明显的差异。RDA分析结果表明,影响浮游植物...     

Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized,long-term,collaborative networks and partnerships

The African Great Lakes (AGL) have rich fisheries and are renowned “biodiversity hotspots”. Consequently the AGL and the ecosystem services they provide, underpin the welfare and livelihoods of over 50 million people across 10 countries. Despite the recognized importance of the AGL, these vital ecosystems and their livelihood support systems are threatened by numerous anthropogenic stressors at local, regional, and global scales. Past and continued efforts to address critical challenges on these lakes are often short-term, parochial, disparate, and uncoordinated resulting in a lack of comprehensive and comparable scientific data and inadequate resources to influence evidence-based policy. Over the past two decades, several international workshops, conferences and scientific publications have identified the need for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and harmonization of research and management as key elements to enhance conservation efforts in the AGL. In this commentary, we introduce the African Center for Aquatic Research and Education (ACARE), which aims to strengthen research and provide the scientific evidence needed to make informed decisions related to sustainable fisheries and aquatic resource management in the AGL. To do this, ACARE will administer a highly collaborative network of experts with three long-term goals: (1) strengthen global and regional research partnerships; (2) establish transboundary and inter-jurisdictional lake advisory groups; and (3) build capacity of freshwater scientists through experiential education and public engagement.