A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings

Buildings nowadays are increasingly expected to meet higher and more complex performance requirements: they should be sustainable; use zero-net energy; foster a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants; be grid-friendly, yet economical to build and maintain. The essential ingredients for the successful development and operation of net zero- and positive-energy buildings (NZEB/PEB) are: thermal simulation models, that are accurate representations of the building and its subsystems; sensors, actuators, and user interfaces to facilitate communication between the physical and simulation layers; and finally, integrated control and optimization tools of sufficient generality that using the sensor inputs and the thermal models can take intelligent decisions, in almost real-time, regarding the operation of the building and its subsystems. To this end the aim of the present paper is to present a review on the technological developments in each of the essential ingredients that may support the future integration of successful NZEB/PEB, i.e. accurate simulation models, sensors and actuators and last but not least the building optimization and control. The integration of the user is an integral part in the dynamic behavior of the system, and this role has to be taken into account. Future prospects and research trends are discussed.     

Assessing the risks of pesticide residues to consumers: recent and future developments

Assessing exposure of consumers to pesticide residues is an area of regulatory science that has rapidly developed over the last decade. From simplistic, deterministic models calculating lifetime exposure for adults only, assessment procedures have diversified so that more realistic estimates of long term exposures for adults, schoolchildren, toddlers and infants and short term exposures for adults and toddlers (who generally bound the more extreme consumer patterns) are now carried out. The final assessment of risk still remains a simplistic numeric comparison against hazard assessment based on a wide range of toxicity studies incorporating the appropriate safety or uncertainty factors. As development of risk assessments continues, the use of probabilistic models is becoming an invaluable information tool for quantitative risk management and aiding assessment of cumulative exposure. This paper examines the recent developments in risk assessment and consumer perception of the risks of pesticide residues, and speculates where the future developments in these areas may lie.     

土地整治综合效益层次分析—模糊综合评价研究

在总结国内外土地整治综合效益评价研究现状的基础上,通过对现有的各方面各角度的指标体系综合效益评价方式进行深入探究,由此分析拟定出能科学评价土地整治项目的办法,制定合理有效的综合效益评价指标体系,对于土地整治项目的财政与生态环境等进行全面考核,运用AHP-FCE评价模型对土地整治进行科学的综合效益评价。     

“神雾”烧嘴在斜底式管坯加热炉上的应用

吉林省通化钢铁公司磐石无缝钢管厂热轧车间的斜底式管坯加热炉，原采用Ｆ－ＲＦ型烧嘴，使用中存在油耗高、易结焦和阻塞等缺点。改用“神雾”（ＷＤＨ－ＹＪ－Ａ型）烧嘴后，油耗降低（节油率达１２．４０％），可冷炉点火，使用维修方便，取得了较好的经济效果。     

华南电力系统联网效益分析

文章通过采用电力系统生产模拟软件和多区电力系统优化运行模拟软件，对中国南方四省（区）１９９７年至２０２０年发电规划进行了研究，从定量的角度对南方四省（区）联网运行可获得的错峰，减少运行成本和装机等方面的效益进行了初步的分析研究，并提出联网运行所需要的联络线规模。     

An analysis of used lubricant recycling, energy utilization and its environmental benefit in Taiwan

Utilizing used lubricants as energy sources has been currently demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. In this regard, used lubricants for use as energy sources in Taiwan thus became popular in recent years. The objective of this study was to present a comprehensive analysis of used lubricant-to-energy in Taiwan, which includes status of lubricant consumption, and used lubricant generation and its recycling (i.e., collection & treatment) management system. It was found that a major market for utilizing used lubricants in Taiwan (over 90%) was reused as fuel oils or auxiliary fuels in the cogeneration system. Under the regulatory authorization of the Waste Management Act and the Petroleum Administration Act, the central competent authorities encouraged the energy-intensive industries in the waste-to-energy through the excess electricity purchase and subsidiary incentives. Based on the certified volume of collected used lubricant and its energy use proportion in 2009, the total energy potential and the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions in place of fuel oils were preliminarily calculated to be around 9.4 × 10² TJ and 7.3 × 10⁷ kg, respectively.     

两座可供选择的大型抽水蓄能电站

以柘林水库和罗湾水库为上水库，规划中的低梯级为下水库，分别兴建装机２７万ｋＷ和６０万ｋｗ的抽水蓄能电站，年发电量共１５．９亿ｋｗ·ｈ，效益２．５１亿元，且工程简易，施工方便。     

ӡ����������Ŀ��Ȼ��װ��ϸ�������о�

中国石油股份有限公司印度尼西亚Jabung公司于2003年10月投产了一座日生产液化石油气能力为40 mmscf（113×104 m3）的天然气处理装置。该装置采用焦耳—汤姆逊（Joule Thompson）降压法制冷的简单工艺，主要目的是湿气经过该装置加工处理后生成合格的商品气体并入销售给新加坡的管网。从2004年6月起，根据生产实际，调整了工艺参数并采取细化操作等综合措施，日均增加烃产量130桶。     

中小型水库挖潜增效的好途径

迷宫堰广泛适用于中小型水库的挖潜增效。它结构简单，施工方便投资少，效益大，在不改变水库校核水位的条件下，或者增加溢洪道的泄流能力，或者增大兴利库容提高正常高水位，具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

铁瓦河小流域水土保持经济效益计算

遵循《水利建设项目经济评价规范》（ＳＬ７２－９４）及《水土保持综合治理效益计算方法》（ＧＢ／Ｔ１５７７４－１９９５），河南省浙川县以铁瓦河小流域水土保持工程为例，研究水土保持直接经济效益计算方法，包括工程量、投资及经济效益指标计算。通过计算，得出的结果符合铁瓦河小流域实际情况，与一般规律相吻合，证明这种计算方法是可行的。分析的结果表明，铁瓦河小流域的直接经济效益是显著的。