发电商最优报价策略的图形决策方法

电网商业化运营后,发电商报价策略可以被描述成一个静态博弈过程。按Nash均衡策略报价可以使发电商获得较高的利润。当报价模型有多个Nash均衡解存在时,传统上难以判断何为最终的合理策略。介绍了主要利用图形来模拟交易中心的决策过程和发电商的竞价行为,通过在图形上运用Nash均衡思想,直观地描述了市场交易的Pareto前沿,并给出了一个具体的合理的Nash均衡策略,将优于前人策略。对于不完全信息下的重复报价博弈,当各发电商都采用文中提出的报价机制时,市场交易最终收敛于Nash均衡点。算例结果表明了此方法的有效性和实用性。     

论企业竞争中的先动优势、风险态度和预期收益

运用博弈论的基本理论，根据企业决策中的行动先后所产生的收益差别，说明了市场竞争中先行动者的收益优势，以及拥有信息较多者收益未必高的道理；通过利益分配中的讨价还价模型，分别就风险偏好、风险中性和风险规避等三种类型企业，分析了常和博弈中的风险态度和预期收益之间的关系，得出了二者正相关的结论，最后指出，市场信息获取固然重要，但更重要的是尽快付诸行动，同时在行动中勇于承担风险，这样才能获得理想的收益。     

动态协商对策的诱导平衡*

本文动态对策协商的问题，提出了动态对策问题在协商 解处的诱导平衡的概念，研究了诱导平衡存在的必要条件和充分条件，并分析了线性二次型动态对策问题的诱导平衡。     

Conjectural Equilibrium in Multiagent Learning

Learning in a multiagent environment is complicated by the fact that as other agents learn, the environment effectively changes. Moreover, other agents' actions are often not directly observable, and the actions taken by the learning agent can strongly bias which range of behaviors are encountered. We define the concept of a conjectural equilibrium, where all agents' expectations are realized, and each agent responds optimally to its expectations. We present a generic multiagent exchange situation, in which competitive behavior constitutes a conjectural equilibrium. We then introduce an agent that executes a more sophisticated strategic learning strategy, building a model of the response of other agents. We find that the system reliably converges to a conjectural equilibrium, but that the final result achieved is highly sensitive to initial belief. In essence, the strategic learner's actions tend to fulfill its expectations. Depending on the starting point, the agent may be better or worse off than had it not attempted to learn a model of the other agents at all.     

定义在非闭集上的二人零和连续凸对策

在二人零和对策中,为了确保对策的值及最优策略的存在性,局中人纯策略集为闭集是一个至关重要的条件。本文讨论了一类定义在非闭集[a,b]×[c,d)或[a,b)×[c,d]上的二人零和连续对策,其最优策略的存在性问题。着重研究其赢得函数为凸(或凹)函数时,最优纯策略的存在性。     

Strategic Interactions of Bilateral Monopoly on a Private Highway

This paper investigates strategic interactions between a private highway operator and a private transit operator who uses the same highway for its services. Heterogeneity of travellers is taken into account by considering a continuous distribution of values of time. Demand elasticity arises from the inclusion of an outside virtual mode. Game theory is applied to model the possible moves taken by the operators in their interactions. Four games are formulated, representing different decision making processes, including Nash and Stackelberg (leader-follower) games. The different timings of long-run and short-run decisions are also modeled in a two-stage game. Our results indicate that the market equilibria in the four games formulated are quite different as a result of the different sequences of moves. The highway operator is considered to be in a better position in terms of profit making in most cases, while for the transit operator it will generally be more advantageous to be the follower rather than in the leader position.     

集群风储联合系统广域协调控制及利益分配策略

针对多个风储联合系统的协调问题,提出了多风储联合系统集群广域协调控制框架,构建了考虑风电时空相关性的风储系统多模式优化调度模型,进一步基于合作博弈理论提出了集群收益分配策略。采用实际风电数据对所提模型和策略进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:广域协调控制可最大化集群收益,提高风电整体可控性和储能运行效率;基于合作博弈理论的集群收益分配策略,可实现集群控制中自身利益与整体利益相协调,激励风储系统积极参与集群控制。     

直购电背景下利用储能配合旋转备用的风电并网容量优化

为了解决大用户直购电与风电消纳之间的矛盾,文章提出利用大用户以直购电的形式消纳风电。首先,以上下旋转备用来应对风电的不确定性,引入储能系统弥补较高备用需求导致的上下旋转备用空间的不足。其次,在此基础上以大用户直购电背景下风电最优并网容量为目标建立了以发电企业为领导者,风电场为跟随者的主从博弈模型。最后,运用改进粒子群算法在含风电场的IEEE 30节点系统上进行仿真分析,算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

民族元素在游戏美术视觉形式美中的运用探究

网络游戏是一种新兴的娱乐方式,人们在进行网络游戏时,会受到其文化思想内容的影响。作为新兴的文化娱乐活动,网络游戏具有传播文化的使命。在色彩缤纷的网络游戏里,传统视觉元素是重要的表现素材,探究民族元素在游戏美术视觉形式美中的运用,对于网络游戏的民族化发展有重要的现实意义。     

A new iterative algorithm for solving H∞ control problem of continuous‐time Markovian jumping linear systems based on online implementation

A new online iterative algorithm for solving the H_∞ control problem of continuous‐time Markovian jumping linear systems is developed. For comparison, an available offline iterative algorithm for converging to the solution of the H_∞ control problem is firstly proposed. Based on the offline iterative algorithm and a new online decoupling technique named subsystems transformation method, a set of linear subsystems, which implementation in parallel, are obtained. By means of the adaptive dynamic programming technique, the two‐player zero‐sum game with the coupled game algebraic Riccati equation is solved online thereafter. The convergence of the novel policy iteration algorithm is also established. At last, simulation results have illustrated the effectiveness and applicability of these two methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.