Validation of the Climate-SAF surface broadband albedo product: Comparisons with in situ observations over Greenland and the ice-covered Arctic Ocean

This paper describes a validation study performed by comparing the Climate-SAF Surface Albedo Product (SAL) to ground truth observations over Greenland and the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. We compare Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-based albedo retrievals to data from the Greenland Climate Network (GCN) weather stations and the floating ice station Tara for polar summer 2007. The AVHRR dataset consists of 2755 overpasses. The overpasses are matched to in situ observations spatially and temporally. The SAL algorithm presented here derives the surface broadband albedo from AVHRR channels 1 and 2 using an atmospheric correction, temporal sampling of an empirical Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), and a narrow-to-broadband conversion algorithm. The satellite product contains algorithms for snow, sea ice, vegetation, bare soil, and water albedo. At the Summit and DYE-2 stations on the Greenland ice sheet, instantaneous SAL RMSE is 0.073. The heterogeneous surface conditions at satellite pixel scale over the stations near the Greenland west coast increase RMSE to > 0.12. Over Tara, the instantaneous SAL RMSE is 0.069. The BRDF sampling approach reduces RMSE over the ice sheet to 0.053, and to 0.045 over Tara. Taking into account various sources of uncertainty for both satellite retrievals and in situ observations, we conclude that SAL agrees with in situ observations within their limits of accuracy and spatial representativeness.     

Improved statistics of sub-mesoscale eddies in the Baltic Sea retrieved from SAR imagery

In the present article the spatio-temporal distribution of sub-mesoscale eddies seen in Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) imagery of the Baltic Sea is discussed. A total of 1250 ASAR images acquired between 2009 and 2011 form the basis of our studies and show imprints of almost 7000 sub-mesoscale eddies. Since the visibility of vortical structures in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery significantly depends on the near-surface wind speed, wind data from a numerical model of the Baltic Sea were additionally used to obtain improved eddy statistics. Seasonally averaged fields of near-surface wind speed, surface currents, sea surface temperature (SST), and SST gradient were also analysed in order to reveal the role of these hydrophysical parameters in the observed spatial and temporal variation of sub-mesoscale eddies.     

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Ulva.prolifera in the Yellow Sea and Influence of Typhoon “CHAN-HOM” in 2015

A recurrent floating green algae bloom was detected in the Yellow Sea since 2007.The Ulva.prolifera is non\|toxic,but the massive accumulations can result in significant environmental damage and cause economic loss to marine industries.In this study,the spatial and temporal patterns of Ulva.prolifera green tides were investigated in the Yellow Sea during 2015 using HJ\|1A/1B and MODIS satellite images by means of NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)and artificial interpretation.The results showed：(1)A little Ulva.prolifera was discovered firstly in adjacent sea of Yancheng,Jiangsu province in early May with distribution area 0.831 km².Under the action of the southeast monsoon,Ulva.prolifera was gradually drifted to Shandong peninsula waters from south to north.The influential area and range reached a peak value with 1 752.756 km² in late June,and gradually subsided from July to August.And Ulva.prolifera about 38.791 km² was monitored in the South Bay of North Korea.In conclusion,Ulva.prolifera in the Yellow Sea in 2015 has experienced five major processes including “Occur\|Development\|Outbreak\|Recession\|Disappeared”.(2)Typhoon "CHAN\|HOM" certainly influenced the northward pathway of Ulva.prolifera and shifted towards the southwest,resulting in most of Ulva.prolifera moved to the east coast of Lianyungang,and speculated that minority Ulva.prolifera drifted to the South Bay of North Korea.(3)From the monitoring data,the spatial resolution between MODIS and ENVISAT (HJ\|1A / 1B)is difference significantly,250 m and 30 m respectively.A functional relation of the two data with monitoring area difference about 2.26 times was established to make up for the shortage of the environmental satellite (HJ\|1A/1B)images.      

基于工程管理的南海地质数据库

从南海地质数据资源、工程实例出发,结合高级语言设计和开发了基于工程管理的南海地质信息数据库系统.该系统设计实现了南海地质信息数据共享、数据融合、数据分析,简单快捷的结合到工程实例中,并应用ADO、DAO、OLE等计算机技术实现的数据资源快速导入、导出便于工程应用的目的.对工程中土的性质做详细的介绍,包括随深度的下降有效重度、抗剪强度、单位表面摩阻力、单位桩端阻力的变化情况.可以按层号、深度、土体性质等不同的条件进行查找.汇总功能可以绘制曲线,比较同一工程土体参数和不同工程之间的参数等,对工程设计和施工进行指导.     

Mapping arctic landfast ice extent using L-band synthetic aperture radar interferometry

In recent years methods have been developed to extract the seaward landfast ice edge from series of remote sensing images, with most of them relying on incoherent change detection in optical, infrared, or radar amplitude imagery. While such approaches provide valuable results, some still lack the required level of robustness and all lack the ability to fully automate the detection and mapping of landfast ice over large areas and long time spans. This paper introduces an alternative approach to mapping landfast ice extent that is based on coherent processing of interferometric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The approach is based on a combined interpretation of interferometric phase pattern and interferometric coherence images to extract the extent and stability of landfast ice. Due to the low complexity of the base imagery used for landfast ice extraction, significant improvements in automation and reduction of required manual interactions by operators can be achieved. A performance analysis shows that L-band interferometric SAR (InSAR) data enable the mapping of landfast ice with high robustness and accuracy for a wide range of environmental conditions.     

低渗透储层类型划分及储层敏感性主控因素——以渤海海域古近系为例

利用岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、储层敏感性实验等多种分析手段,对渤海海域低孔低渗储层的类型进行了详细划分,并对各类储层发育段的储层敏感性特征及其对应的黏土矿物特征、含量和分布规律进行了详细研究,分析了不同沉积条件对储层敏感性的影响。研究结果表明,渤海海域低渗透储层可划分为富高岭石型、富伊利石型、富绿泥石型、碳酸盐致密胶结型。通过将低渗透储层成因与储层敏感性建立关联,提出了储层敏感性主要受控于母岩类型、古气候条件、沉积微相3个因素：①母岩类型对研究区古近系碎屑岩储层演化起决定性影响。研究区主要具有3种类型的母岩：以中基性火山岩为母岩的碎屑岩储层、以中酸性火山岩为母岩的碎屑岩储层为火山碎屑—高岭石型、以变质岩为母岩的碎屑岩储层为伊利石型。②古气候条件对储层敏感性起到了重要影响。③沉积微相直接影响黏土矿物分异,沉积微相还间接影响后期成岩作用。     

深海天然气及其水合物开发模式与钻采技术探讨

中国南海的石油天然气资源十分丰富,但其大多数都埋藏于深水区,油气勘探开发工作面临着许多难题和挑战。历经多年的探索与实践,我国海洋油气钻探工程已经实现了从浅水（水深300 m以内）到超深水（水深超过1 500 m）的跨越,并在南海发现了丰富的天然气与海域天然气水合物（以下简称水合物）资源,亟待进行安全高效开发,因而对相应的天然气及其水合物高效开发模式与技术支撑体系提出了迫切的需求。为此,针对深海天然气及其水合物安全高效开发的重大课题,提出了适用于常规天然气的“水平井或复杂结构井浮式钻完井+水下钻采系统+浮式生产、集输与浮式液化天然气生产储卸装置（FLNG）处理系统+船运外输”的开发模式及其技术支撑体系,以及适用于非常规天然气——海域天然气水合物的“水平井或复杂结构井浮式钻完井+水合物原位分解开采+水下或浮式生产与集输处理系统+管道或船运外输”的开发模式及其技术支撑体系;论述了大位移井、“U”形井等先进井型的开发模式及其适用的海洋地质环境,并给出了“U”形井的连通控制模型;此外,还介绍了与深水钻井力学和设计控制技术相关的研究进展。结论认为,建立先进适用的工程模式及其技术支撑体系,寻求实现“地质—工程—市场”一体化的解决方案,同时加强相关的信息化与智能化建设,是深海天然气及其水合物安全高效开发的关键之所在。     

Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Abstract

The Uzbek socio-economic structure is characterized by the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-orientated economy, with a shifting from agricultural production to industrial development. However, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role in a general economy of the country. The major water sector strategy is to decrease the dependence of agricultural production on climate by introducing advanced irrigation techniques and water saving methods to achieve future sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection. Water management policy should be flexible enough to adapt to new demands. The regulation of consumption through demand management tools, such as appropriate pricing policies, has recently received greater attention in Uzbekistan. The main thesis of this paper is that allocation of water resources cannot be separated from ecological and economic considerations. The establishment of development objectives and the identification of constraints are also discussed. In the coming years, special attention will need to be paid to the control of water pollution and land salinization, water resources conservation, and acknowledging that actions to increase water productivity are as important as finding additional sources of water.     

春季渤海湾营养盐分布及潜在性富营养化评价

根据2011年5月对渤海湾海域20个站位海水营养盐的调查结果,分析该海区海水营养盐的分布特征,并进行了潜在性富营养化评价．研究发现,调查海域NO3--N质量浓度为150．5～276.3ug/L,NO2--N质量浓度为4．072．29．490ug／L,NH4＋-N、PO4 3-- P和SiO3 2-Si质量浓度分别为47．55～194．80ug／L、4．73～26．35ug／L和170．2—544．1ug/L．整体上,各类无机氮呈现出表底层差异不大、沿岸浓度高、外海浓度低的特点;断面分布呈现出由东向西逐渐升高的趋势,SiO23 2- -Si相反,NO3- -N、NH4--N和SiO2 3--Si质量浓度呈现出由北向南逐渐升高的趋势,而NO2--N、VO4 3--P质量浓度出现北高南低的情形．渤海湾连续站显示出一定的营养盐浓度随潮汐的韵律变化,其中NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4＋-N质量浓度变化相对较明显,低潮较高潮期间营养盐浓度高．营养盐与盐度的相关性不很显著．NO3 --N是溶解无机氮（DIN）的主要组成形式,占平均DIN含量的69．56％;该海区主要以磷限制为主,并已经逐渐从P限制向P、Si共同限制方向发展,这与潜在性富营养化评价结果一致．     

南海北部神狐海域输导体系特征及其对天然气水合物成藏的影响

基于地震解释和二维盆地模拟,从输导体系的类型、断层的活动性、古压力演化历史等方面综合研究南海北部神狐海域输导体系的特征,并结合生烃条件和天然气水合物稳定域条件,综合探讨输导体系对天然气水合物成藏的影响,进而预测神狐海域天然气水合物有利聚集区。结果表明：神狐海域输导体系类型主要有＂断层＂型和＂气烟囱＂型2种,并以＂断层＂型为主;＂断层＂型输导体系主要分布在神狐海域北部和中东部,断层性质为正断层,组合样式包括鹿角状、反＂y＂字型和阶梯型,断层主要活动期为珠江期—韩江期;该区域经历了3期超压旋回,其中第3次超压旋回与深部烃类流体的生成排放有关;该区域浅层形成了较厚的天然气水合物稳定域,深部具备充足的气源;该区域主要生排烃期与断层主要活动期、第3次超压旋回匹配良好,有利于深部烃类气体通过＂断层＂型输导体系向浅层运移;该区域北部和中东部是未来天然气水合物勘探的有利区。