Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1‐m length, ≥10‐cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean‐climate, medium‐sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km^‐1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW‐redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mathematical model to identify nitrogen variability in large rivers

The river Swale in Yorkshire, northern England has been the subject of many studies concerning water quality. This paper builds on existing data resources and previous 1D river water quality modelling applications at daily resolution (using QUESTOR) to provide a different perspective on understanding pollution, through simulation of the short‐term dynamics of nutrient transport along the river. The two main objectives are (1) building, calibration and evaluation of a detailed mathematical model (Advection‐Dispersion Model: ADModel), for nutrient transport under unsteady flow conditions and (2) the development of methods for estimating key parameters characterizing pollutant transport (velocity, dispersion coefficient and transformation rates) as functions of hydrological parameters and/or seasonality. The study of ammonium and nitrate has highlighted temporal variability in processes, with maximum nitrification and denitrification rates during autumn. Results show that ADModel is able to predict the main trend of measured concentration with reasonable accuracy and accounts for temporal changes in water flow and pollutant load along the river. Prediction accuracy could be improved through more detailed modelling of transformation processes by taking into account the variability of factors for which existing data were insufficient to allow representation. For example, modelling indicates that interactions with bed sediment may provide an additional source of nutrients during high spring flows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统

霍童溪流域是宁德市防洪重点流域,流域内水库众多,其中大、中型水库7座。水库间存在着串、并连等多种复杂关系,多座水库同时具有供水、防洪与发电等多种功能并存的特点。霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统基于GIS以图表形式进行概化处理、展现多种水情信息。基于GIS将流域划分为若干个具有独立地理单元、有均匀雨量站分布的子流域,进而开发分布式洪水预报模型,为水库群合理调度决策提供支撑。     

西安市浐灞河下游水质污染状况评价

为了调查西安市浐灞河下游水环境污染的状况,本文整理了2010年1-4月份浐灞河下游河段13个断面水质监测数据,主要是COD、NH3-N和BOD,并根据国家现行环境质量标准GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》,对浐灞河下游水质进行了详细的评价。分析结果表明:浐河咸宁桥以上均满足相应水质标准,咸宁桥以下污染严重,主要是COD监测均值已超Ⅴ类水质标准;灞河在浐灞交汇口以上均满足相应水质标准,浐灞交汇口以下污染严重,为劣Ⅴ类水质。     

G107跨木刀沟大桥改建防洪影响评价

木刀沟大桥是G107公路网的重要组成部分,工程跨越磁河,研究其对防洪影响具有重要意义。该文根据河流多年实测资料和防洪标准,计算桥位处的水位、壅水高度与长度、浪高及冲刷等。结果表明,大桥改建后,对河道行洪、河势稳定及防洪安全等满足防洪标准要求。     

钠基膨润土防水毯在陡河青龙河防洪排涝综合整治工程中的应用

通过新型环保防渗材料——钠基膨润土防水毯(GCL-NP)在陡河青龙河防洪排涝综合整治工程应用案例,介绍了膨润土防水毯的工程设计和施工要点,实践证明,所用的钠基膨润土防水毯防渗效果优异,达到了设计要求,保证了工程质量.     

联合取水技术在江水源热泵中的应用

江水源热泵系统以江水作为热泵系统的热源为建筑物供热或供冷,在建设节约型社会、国家节能减排的形式下,在沿江有条件的地区已推广使用.该文通过重庆江北城CBD天然河床渗滤+人工.河床渗滤+直取水联合取水工程,提出了一种适合江水源热泵的取水技术.     

塑造河流的性格——以郧西县城市河流生态景观规划为例

本文以郧西城市河流生态景观规划为例,论述了河流规划应突出其固有的个性特征,并通过河流驳岸的生态化改造和河流绿化规划,将生态与景观有效结合。     

岭南园林和江南园林美学特征的比较

本文从环境、功用、性格、艺术、文化五个方面,对岭南园林和江南园林美学特征进行了比较,提炼出二者不同的个性特点,提出了园林是文化的载体。