长江城陵矶—螺山河段水位高及原因分析

长江城螺河段水位８０年代以来较５０－６０年代明显抬高，一般估水位抬高，１．２０－１．５０m，高水位抬高0.50-0.76m，城陵矶水位在受到顶托时抬高可达1.80m以上，本文依据40年来荆江及洞庭湖间水量，沙量等实测资料对这一问题进行了全面分析，分析结果表明，发生这种变化的原因主要是下荆江裁弯后中速了三口的萎缩，江湖关系与下荆江出口河势发生变化所致，这一分析成果可为制定长江防洪规划提供科学依据。     

东钱湖底泥环境特征与疏浚方案

在目前以环境和生态治理为目的的底泥疏浚工程中尚无相应的技术标准和规范为指南的情况下,以宁波东钱湖水环境综合整治可行性研究成果为基础,制定了东钱湖底泥环保疏浚方案。详细阐述了该方案涉及的主要内容:底泥污染特性及污染状况分析,疏浚平面范围、疏浚深度及疏浚工程规模的确定,疏浚底泥处置及余水处理等。     

Initial appraisal of water quality of Lake Santa Ana,Mexico

Lake Santa Ana is located in the Mexican central plateau, a semiarid region characterized by low rainfall and high evaporation rates. Because of the area's climatic conditions, most of its few existing lakes and reservoirs are ephemeral, with significantly reduced surface areas during the dry season. Mexican authorities currently pay little or no attention to these special aquatic ecosystems. As a consequence, several of these waterbodies are severely degraded in regard to both water quantity and quality. As a result, this report describes Lake Santa Ana as a case study. Several water quality parameters, including physicochemical, microbiological and heavy metal concentrations, were measured at eight sampling sites in the lake, and four sites in the lake basin, in 2005. Some dissolved ions were also analysed in 2007 in the lake, and in a well located close to the lake, in order to evaluate possible interactions between groundwater and surface waters. These study results indicate that the lake does not have significant interactions with groundwater in the local aquifer. Most of the measured water quality parameters do not meet the international suggested standards for inland surface waters to sustain aquatic life, and preserve the habitat for both endemic and migratory waterfowl. Loss of aquatic habitats puts at risk the value of the central portion of Mexico as a migratory route for North American waterfowl species.     

Mitigating cyanobacterial blooms: how effective are ‘effective microorganisms’?

This study examined the effects of ‘Effective Microorganisms (EM)’ on the growth of cyanobacteria, and their ability to terminate cyanobacterial blooms. The EM was tested in the form of ‘mudballs’ or ‘Bokashi‐balls’, and as a suspension (EM‐A) in laboratory experiments. No growth inhibition was observed for a laboratory strain of Microcystis aeruginosa and for M. aeruginosa from the field at the recommended dosage of 1 EM‐mudball per square‐metre (≈0.1–0.3 g L^?1). Cyanobacteria were inhibited only at very high concentrations (5–10 g L^?1 cyanobacteria), and a bloom was reduced, being attributed to the high amount of clay and high water turbidity. For these high dosage treatments, the dissolved oxygen concentration dropped initially to very low levels, with longer incubation indicating that nutrients were released from the material. The EM‐A suspension appeared ineffective in hampering cyanobacterial growths at recommended usage concentrations. EM‐mudballs released phosphate (160 μg P g^?1) and metals (aluminium, copper, traces of lead and lanthanum). The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that EM are effective in preventing cyanobacterial proliferation or in terminating blooms, thereby suggesting lake restoration by ‘Effective Microorganisms’ is not a convincing eutrophication control option.     

太湖流域1：50000水利基础电子地图数据库建设

为扩大太湖流域空间数据库数据的覆盖范围,提高数据完整性,太湖流域管理局组织在原有1：250000水利基础电子地图的基础上开展1：50000水利基础电子地图数据库的建设。介绍太湖流域1：50000水利基础电子地图数据库建设的背景及资料收集的情况,描述水利基础电子地图数据库建库的流程。针对建设成果的复核,以河流图层为例介绍图形和属性数据复核的方法,并为满足成果展示的需求,提出河流分级的几点原则,以期为下一步开展流域水利普查和防汛抗旱、水资源管理工作提供基础数据。     

空间信息技术在堰塞湖应急处置中的应用

主要介绍了汶川地震中唐家山堰塞湖应急处置过程中空间信息技术的具体应用。通过收集堰塞湖发生及处置全过程中所获取的有关基础地理信息、航空航天遥感影像、地质、水文气象、资源环境、人口社会经济以及应急决策等各类数据,并对上述数据进行处理,以使相同类型的数据能在统一的格式下进行组织、存储并进行有效的数据库管理。利用Web Services、空间数据库等技术建立数据库管理信息系统,实现基于网络的各类数据的查询检索和分析功能。该数据库的建设,可为今后类似应急处置提供快速、准确和直观的基础信息和经验指导。     

地震形成堰塞湖潜在影响范围快速评估

以汶川地震诱发的唐家山堰塞湖为研究区域,以下游各水文站点的实测水文历史数据为基础,采用模拟退火智能算法训练计算了该河段的马斯京根演算方程系数,并在给定初始条件下,快速预报了下游各个重要地区的流量变化过程。结合断面的水位流量关系得到水位变化过程。最后,使用空间信息技术得到了下游潜在淹没范围。结果表明：在溃决水位为690 m的条件下,洪水将全部淹没下游北川县城。     

利用南水北调工程供水解决白洋淀缺水的构想

受资源性缺水和水质性缺水影响,白洋淀湿地生态系统逐步退化。近年来,虽凭借应急调水,多次避免了干淀危机,但长期的资源性缺水,使淀区生态功能受到严重影响。南水北调中线工程的建设实施,为解决白洋淀生态缺水问题带来了机遇。通过在南水北调总体规划与水资源调度原则的基础上,对利用南水北调水补充白洋淀进行了研究,提出了江水补淀初步方案。     

高海拔盐雾地区架空ADSS光缆耐腐蚀措施分析

介绍了ADSS光缆发生电腐蚀的原理,通过分析电腐蚀发生的原因,对ADSS光缆的耐腐蚀措施进行了深入研究。文章以青海盐湖地区ADSS光缆电腐蚀现象为例,并针对盐湖地区特殊环境对ADSS光缆电腐蚀作出相应的防治措施,取得了较好的效果,为高海拔盐雾地区ADSS光缆耐腐蚀措施的推广具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.