30%TBP/煤油中DBP和MBP的离子色谱分析

采用离子色谱作为检测仪器,建立了简单、快速、灵敏地测定30%TBP/煤油中DBP和MBP的新方法。以去离子水为反萃剂将有机相中DBP和MBP反萃到水相,去除有机相干扰,离子色谱仪进行检测。当DBP浓度在0.01～6.0 mmol/L、MBP浓度在0.02～2.5 mmol/L时,标准曲线均具有良好的线性,相关系数r²均达到0.999,DBP的检出限为5.0 μmol/L,MBP的检出限为4.0 μmol/L。采用建立的方法对模拟30%TBP/煤油生成的辐解产物进行重加回收实验,DBP的重加回收率在92%～96%,模拟样品6次平行测定的s_r=2.1%。     

DBP生产中循环醇的组成剖析

本文从DBP生产的实际出发，对循环醇的组成成分进行测定并对其主要成分的产生原因进行理论分析，从而优化生产操作，有效地延长循环醇的使用周期。     

Characterizations of NOM included in NF and UF membrane permeates

The characteristic changes in the natural organic matter (NOM), from the feed to the permeate, due to nanofiltration (NF) and tight-ultrafiltration (UF), were investigated in terms of size (molecular weight), structure (hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions), and functionality (charge density in terms of carboxylic acidity). These characteristic changes were expected to be associated with the reactivity of the disinfection by-products (DBP), fractions of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) relative to the total organic carbon. The BDOC and AOC analyses demonstrated that the NOM included in the NF and tight-UF permeates were more biodegradable than those included in the feed waters, which were relatively hydrophilic and smaller, than those in the feed waters. The influence of the hydrodynamic operating condition in terms of the J₀/k ratio on the characteristics of the NOM included in the NF and tight-UF permeates was also demonstrated. In addition, the effects of the pH, ionic strength, and calcium ions on the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values of the NOM in each of the feed and permeate waters, were demonstrated for a better understanding of the above characteristic changes, and to determine the applicability of the SUVA analysis for the characterization of the NOM.     

Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools

Chlorination of indoor swimming pools is practiced for disinfection and oxidation of reduced compounds that are introduced to water by swimmers. However, there is growing concern associated with formation for chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in these settings. Volatile DBPs are of particular concern because they may promote respiratory ailments and other adverse health effects among swimmers and patrons of indoor pool facilities. To examine the scope of this issue, water samples were collected from 11 pools over a 6 month period and analyzed for free chlorine and their volatile DBP content. Eleven volatile DBPs were identified: monochloramine (NH₂Cl), dichloramine (NHCl₂), trichloramine (NCl₃), chloroform (CHCl₃), bromoform (CHBr₃), dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl₂), dibromochloromethane (CHBr₂Cl), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl₂), and dichloromethylamine (CH₃NCl₂). Of these 11 DBPs, 10 were identified as regularly occurring, with CHBrCl₂ only appearing sporadically. Pool water samples were analyzed for residual chlorine compounds using the DPD colorimetric method and by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). These two methods were chosen as complementary measures of residual chlorine, and to allow for comparisons between the methods. The DPD method was demonstrated to consistently overestimate inorganic chloramine content in swimming pools. Pairwise correlations among the measured volatile DBPs allowed identification of dichloromethylamine and dichloroacetonitrile as potential swimming pool water quality indicator compounds.     

Alternative Solvent Wash Process Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution as Salt-Free Wash Reagent

A solvent wash procedure employing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as an alternative to sodium carbonate was investigated in order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste resulting from solvent regeneration in the Purex process. The wash efficiency of tetramethylammonium base solutions was measured in comparison with sodium carbonate solution on a 30% TBP-70% dodecane mixture containing zirconium-dibutyl phosphate complex. The experimental evidence showed tetrametylammonium base solutions to be as effective as sodium carbonate solution. In particular, addition of oxalic acid which complexes strongly with zirconium enhanced the wash efficiency. The ³¹P NMR spectra of dibutyl phosphate (DBP) indicated that the cleanup of DBP depended mainly on ionization of DBP. As tetrametylammonium hydroxide can be decomposed by heating at about 200°C, it is considered to have good applicability as a salt-free wash reagent.     

U0_2(NO_3)_2-TBP体系的光化学研究

用Ar~+激光器的488nm单色光研究了UO_2(NO_3)_2-30％TBP-煤油体系中U(Ⅵ)的光化学行为。实验表明:光照后TBP有机相内含有还原生成的U(Ⅳ)和TBP的主要降解产物DBP和丁醛;生成U(Ⅳ)的量子产额与酸度、温度、TBP浓度有关。光照合0.1mol/l U(Ⅵ),0.2mol/l HNO_3的30％TBP-煤油溶液时U(Ⅳ)的量子产额为0.18。温度大于30℃光照时,会产生显著量的亚硝酸。亚硝酸的生成量与光照功率和U(Ⅵ)的浓度成正比,当酸度大于0.1mol/l时,其量随酸度增加而减少。还初步探讨了U(Ⅵ)在TBP中光化还原的机理。     

炼制条件对牛油中塑化剂及风味物质的影响北大核心CSCD

为保障牛油的食用安全和风味品质,以被邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)污染的生牛脂为原料,对其进行炼制,考察炼制条件对牛油中DBP和DEHP含量的影响,采用电子鼻分析炼制条件对牛油风味的影响。结果表明:牛油中DBP、DEHP含量随炼制温度、炼制时间、炼制压力和加水量的变化表现出不同的变化规律,适宜炼制条件为炼制温度120~140℃、炼制时间10~15 min、炼制压力-0.02 MPa、加水量2 mL/100 g,在此条件下炼制的牛油DBP和DEHP含量较低且稳定;氮氧化合物、硫化物、萜类化合物、短链烷类、醇醚醛酮类化合物是牛油的主要风味成分。通过线性判别分析可知,加水量、炼制压力、炼制时间对牛油风味影响较大。     

30％TBP/煤油中DBP和MBP的离子色谱分析

采用离子色谱作为检测仪器,建立了简单、快速、灵敏地测定30%TBP/煤油中DBP和MBP的新方法。以去离子水为反萃剂将有机相中DBP和MBP反萃到水相,去除有机相干扰,离子色谱仪进行检测。当DBP浓度在0.01～6.0 mmol/L、MBP浓度在0.02～2.5 mmol/L时,标准曲线均具有良好的线性,相关系数r²均达到0.999,DBP的检出限为5.0 μmol/L,MBP的检出限为4.0 μmol/L。采用建立的方法对模拟30%TBP/煤油生成的辐解产物进行重加回收实验,DBP的重加回收率在92%～96%,模拟样品6次平行测定的s_r=2.1%。     

饮用水中臭氧消毒副产物溴酸盐含量的控制技术探讨

在阐述臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成机理的前提下,从原水预处理、溴酸盐形成过程控制、溴酸盐形成后消除3个阶段来分析研究控制饮用水中溴酸盐含量的方法。经过探讨和实践表明,采用膜分离技术(控制原水电导率和微生物含量)、加氨、采用新型消毒剂和多种消毒剂组合使用、优化臭氧消毒工艺和活性炭吸附技术等是较为可行的控制途径。饮用水生产企业根据水源特点,生产能力,企业规模、运行成本等条件进行选择尝试,从而实现臭氧、微生物和溴酸盐之间的平衡。