食用油中两种塑化剂DBP和DEHP的气相色谱-质谱联用法测定及其风险暴露评估

建立气相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定食用油中DBP和DEHP两种塑化剂的方法,并对114批次食用油样品进行检测,利用基于蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）统计模拟方法的水晶球（Crystal Ball）软件对检测结果进行风险评估,计算不同百分位数下DBP和DEHP的日均暴露量和风险指数。结果表明：样品经乙腈提取后,于40 ℃下氮吹至干,加入2.0 mL正己烷复溶,以40 mg十八烷基键合硅胶和60 mg N-丙基乙二胺净化后上机分析,采用Agilent HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)进行分离,质谱选择电子轰击离子源（EI）和单离子检测扫描（SIM）模式下检测,DBP和DEHP标准曲线分别在0.084 6～1.353 6 μg/mL和0.120 9~1.934 4 μg/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限分别为0.06、0.08 mg/kg,3个质量浓度水平加标回收率在88.3%～111.2%之间,精密度在2.7%～5.6%之间;114批次食用油样品中9批次样品的塑化剂含量超风险值,两种塑化剂均有不同程度的风险,其中DBP的风险指数高于DEHP,且对7~10岁儿童的风险最高,需采取相应的应对措施,另外食用油中塑化剂含量对风险指数的影响最大。     

关于DBP中和水洗最优实验条件的研究

为了除去使醋化反应生成DBP产生酸度的杂质，需要设计DBP中和水洗实验及其量优条件，道过正交实验分析得到各影响因素对该实验的影响水平，并结合单目素实验分析得到各主要因素对实验影响的规律，量后综合各影响因素，得到了DBP中和水洗实验条件的量优条件为：丁醇浓度（wt％）：3％；丁醚浓度（wt％）：15％；NaOH（wt%）：2．5％。     

沉淀法生产白碳黑反应条件的研究

通过改变反应步骤的工艺参数，探讨反应条件对白碳黑初始结构和二次结构的影响，寻求指导工业生产的最佳操作条件。     

DBP酯化工艺的改进

本文根据公司DBP装置生产的特点，经过近几年的生产实践摸索，对酯化工序进行的技术改造和操作优化的情况进行了总结，以便更好的指导生产或为同行业提供有益的借鉴。     

Copper catalysis in chloroform formation during water chlorination

The seminal work of Rook initiated a considerable body of research regarding the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and other by-products of chlorine-based disinfection. Since that time, a broad spectrum of compounds has been identified as precursors to THM formation. More recently, it has been demonstrated that the presence of copper in solution enhances THM formation. Copper is known to catalyze a number of reactions that are similar to the conventional haloform reaction. A study was therefore initiated to investigate the specific role played by copper in the formation of chloroform during chlorination of water supplies. Aqueous solutions containing a number of known THM precursors were chlorinated in the presence and absence of copper, and subjected to time-course monitoring of chloroform concentration. The results of experiments with humic acid demonstrated an apparent catalytic effect on the part of copper in chloroform formation. To examine the role of copper in greater detail, a series of experiments involving aqueous solutions of pure compounds of humic substance structural units was conducted. Of the pure compounds investigated as THM precursors, only citric acid demonstrated enhanced chloroform formation in the presence of copper. A detailed matrix of experiments conducted with citric acid as a precursor demonstrated that copper, at environmentally relevant concentrations, can have a profound effect on chloroform formation. Based on previously published information regarding the mechanism of chloroform formation from citric acid and the results of these experiments, it is hypothesized that copper promotes chloroform formation from chlorination of citric acid through catalysis of oxidative decarboxylation, and the subsequent chlorination of beta-ketoglutaric acid.     

双基球扁药中的钝感剂迁移现象及其对燃烧性能的影响

为研究双基球扁药贮存过程中钝感剂的迁移现象,采用显微拉曼技术,表征了经加速老化后小分子钝感剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和高分子钝感剂聚新戊二醇己二酸酯(NA)在双基球扁药中的浓度分布状态;并利用密闭爆发器试验,测试了双基球扁药的燃烧性能。结果表明,在由表及里的一维方向上,钝感剂DBP、NA的浓度呈指数规律变化,符合Fick第二扩散定律;加速老化过程中,在双基球扁药中DBP的迁移是双向的,钝感剂分布的浓度梯度会逐渐降低,扩散深度增加,浓度峰值位置向内偏移,双基球扁药燃烧渐增性能也随之下降;高温会加剧钝感剂的迁移现象,65,75,85℃高温条件下老化10天的球扁药样品,其燃烧渐增性特征值分别为1.3351、1.2917、1.1888;随着温度的升高,双基球扁药的燃烧渐增性能下降幅度也随之加大;而在相同条件下,NA较DBP具有更好的抗迁移特性。     

Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition

Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1-37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV-V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1-5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out.     

Modeling DBPs formation in drinking water in residential plumbing pipes and hot water tanks

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in municipal supply water are a concern because of their possible risks to human health. Risk assessment studies often use DBP data in water distribution systems (WDS). However, DBPs in tap water may be different because of stagnation of the water in plumbing pipes (PP) and heating in hot water tanks (HWT). This study investigated occurrences and developed predictive models for DBPs in the PP and the HWT of six houses from three municipal water systems in Quebec (Canada) in a year-round study. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in PP and HWT were observed to be 1.4-1.8 and 1.9-2.7 times the THMs in the WDS, respectively. Haloacetic acid (HAAs) in PP and HWT were observed to be variable (PP/WDS = 0.23-2.24; HWT/WDS = 0.53-2.61). Using DBPs occurrence data from these systems, three types of linear models (main factors; main factors, interactions and higher orders; logarithmic) and two types of nonlinear models (three parameters Logistic and four parameters Weibull) were investigated to predict DBPs in the PP and HWT. Significant factors affecting DBPs formation in the PP and HWT were identified through numerical and graphical techniques. The R² values of the models varied between 0.77 and 0.96, indicating excellent predictive ability for THMs and HAAs in the PP and the HWT. The models were found to be statistically significant. The models were validated using additional data. These models can be used to predict DBPs increase from WDS (water entry point of house) to the PP and HWT, and could thereby help gain a better understanding of human exposure to DBPs and their associated risks.     

Disinfection byproduct formation in reverse-osmosis concentrated and lyophilized natural organic matter from a drinking water source

Drinking water treatment and disinfection byproduct (DBP) research can be complicated by natural organic matter (NOM) temporal variability. NOM preservation by lyophilization (freeze-drying) has been long practiced to address this issue; however, its applicability for drinking water research has been limited because the selected NOM sources are atypical of most drinking water sources. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate that reconstituted NOM from a lyophilized reverse-osmosis (RO) concentrate of a typical drinking water source closely represents DBP formation in the original NOM. A preliminary experiment assessed DBP formation kinetics and yields in concentrated NOM, which demonstrated that chlorine decays faster in concentrate, in some cases leading to altered DBP speciation. Potential changes in NOM reactivity caused by lyophilization were evaluated by chlorination of lyophilized and reconstituted NOM, its parent RO concentrate, and the source water. Bromide lost during RO concentration was replaced by adding potassium bromide prior to chlorination. Although total measured DBP formation tended to decrease slightly and unidentified halogenated organic formation tended to increase slightly as a result of RO concentration, the changes associated with lyophilization were minor. In lyophilized NOM reconstituted back to source water TOC levels and then chlorinated, the concentrations of 19 of 21 measured DBPs, constituting 96% of the total identified DBP mass, were statistically indistinguishable from those in the chlorinated source water. Furthermore, the concentrations of 16 of 21 DBPs in lyophilized NOM reconstituted back to the RO concentrate TOC levels, constituting 86% DBP mass, were statistically indistinguishable from those in the RO concentrate. This study suggests that lyophilization can be used to preserve concentrated NOM without substantially altering the precursors to DBP formation.     

Solar photolysis kinetics of disinfection byproducts

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants may impair aquatic ecosystems and downstream drinking-water quality. Sunlight photolysis, as one process by which DBPs may dissipate in the receiving surface water, was investigated. Outdoor natural sunlight experiments were conducted in water for a series of carbonaceous DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halopropanones, and haloacetaldehydes) and nitrogenous DBPs (nitrosamines, halonitromethanes, and haloacetonitriles). Their pseudo-first-order rate constants for photolytic degradation were then used to calibrate quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) parameters, which, in return, predicted the photolysis potentials of other DBPs or related compounds. Nitrogenous DBPs were found to be more susceptible to solar irradiation than carbonaceous DBPs, with general rankings for the functional groups as follows: N-nitroso (N-NO) > nitro (NO₂) > nitrile (CN) > carbonyl (CO) > carboxyl (COOH). Compounds containing a high degree of halogenation (e.g., three halogens) were usually less stable than less halogenated species (e.g., those with two halogens). Bromine- or iodine-substituted species were more photosensitive than chlorinated analogs. While most bromine- and chlorine-containing trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids persisted over the 6-h test, nearly complete removal (>99%) of nitrosamines occurred within 1 h of sunlight exposure. Indoor laboratory experiments using simulated sunlight demonstrated that the degradation of nitrosamines was ∼50% slower when organic matter was present, and ∼11% slower in non-filtered water than in filtered water.