On the relationship of canopy LAI and photon recollision probability in boreal forests

The theory of spectral invariants, or ‘p-theory’, states that the canopy scattering coefficient at any wavelength can be related to the leaf scattering coefficient at the same wavelength through a spectrally invariant canopy structural parameter — the photon recollision probability p. The p-theory has recently gained interest in the vegetation reflectance modeling community as an efficient tool for characterizing scattering in clumped foliage structures. In this short communication paper, we report empirical data of the relationship of canopy leaf area index (LAI), diffuse non-interceptance and photon recollision probability for 1032 coniferous and broadleaved forest plots measured in Finland. Our results indicate that the relationship of canopy LAI and diffuse non-interceptance is near-universal in boreal stands i.e. it does not depend on stand age, tree species or growth conditions. This allows improving parameterizations used by canopy reflectance models which utilize the photon recollision probability concept. Our results also suggest that establishing species-specific p-LAI functions for northern European forests requires more research on the influence of micro- and macroscale foliage grouping on photon recollision probability.     

铸轧区长度对Al-8Si合金铸轧板显微组织的影响

采用连续铸轧方法制备Al-8Si合金铸轧带坯,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等手段,研究不同铸轧区长度对铸轧板微观显微组织和中心层偏析的影响。研究表明,随着铸轧区长度的增加,偏析范围先增大、后减小。这是由于铸轧区长度的增加,导致铸轧区域冷却强度加大,较强的冷却速度加快了金属的凝固,从而减轻了中心偏析程度。Al-8Si合金同一铸轧区表层和中心部位共晶硅组织的形貌有较大区别,表层共晶硅呈网状分布,微观形貌大部分呈纤维状,小部分呈瓣片状,中心层共晶硅形貌为沿不同取向的集簇状,形成中间线偏析。这是由于:铸轧坯料在轧制时,上、下表层先与轧辊面接触,而中心层相较于上、下表层的冷却速度较慢,所以,最后凝固,使上、下表层相较于中心层晶粒更加细小。     

大规格82B钢盘条的冬季时效行为

研究了ø12.5 mm规格82B钢盘条在北方冬季－15~－23 ℃条件下自然时效0~30 d后的力学性能变化情况,并进行了不同的人工时效试验。结果表明:82B钢盘条的抗拉强度与时效没有明显的关系;自然时效0~10 d后其断面收缩率呈明显上升趋势,10~30 d断面收缩率趋于稳定;盘条下线后立即在200 ℃保温2 h进行人工时效,得到的力学性能与自然时效10 d后的力学性能较为接近,因此对82B钢盘条可采用人工时效处理的方法预测自然时效后的力学性能。     

基于DM8148的警戒区域告警算法的实现

智能视频监控作为安全防范的一种有效手段,有广阔的应用前景。针对这一需求,提出了一种基于DM8148平台的警戒区域告警算法。该算法采用混合高斯模型,结合背景减法检测移动目标,线性预测结合Blob匹配跟踪运动轨迹,分析目标行为判断是否存在警戒区域入侵现象。通过实验验证,该算法所具备的低误报率和高报警精度能满足智能监控对高效率、高实时性要求。     

Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

An Evaluation of Different Controllers Based on the Network Frequency Maintenance Strategy for a Large and Multi-control-area Interconnected Power System

Abstract—Maintaining the network frequency at its nominal value due to the load changes is one of the most important issues in the control and operation schedule of a large and multi-area interconnected power system. For the effective control solution, two types of tie-line bias control strategy-based controllers have been applied, i.e., classical and improved controllers. The classical controllers using conventional regulators, including integral, proportional–integral and proportional-integral-derivative, have achieved initial control results to bring the steady state back to the network. However, due to the very poor control features (e.g., large overshoots and long settling times), they need to be replaced with improved controllers, such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network. To obtain an entire evaluation of the application of different load-frequency controllers, a five-control-area interconnected power system was built as a typical case study. Three improved controllers using proportional-plus-integral-based fuzzy logic and artificial neural network-based non-linear autoregressive moving average (NARMA-L2) architectures as well as their hybrid combination will also be investigated in this study. Simulation results obtained reveal that the improved controllers have obtained smaller overshoots (from 13.95 to 84.18%) and shorter settling times (from 19.91 to 65.71%) compared with the classical controllers.     

基于改进加权公平队列的变电站局域网通信队列调度策略

智能变电站通信网络中以太网技术的发展为智能变电站的数据共享提供了更为有效的途径。局域网通信队列调度策略作为其中的关键一环,其重要性也日益凸显。针对智能变电站中现有的优先级调度策略所存在的不足,对传统的加权公平队列(WFQ)算法进行了适当的改进,并在此基础上提出了一种适用于智能变电站的局域网通信队列调度方法。以典型的智能变电站为例,通过OPNET软件建立了通信网络模型,并对所提的调度策略进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在紧急情况下,所提的智能变电站综合局域网通信队列调度策略可在保证高优先级队列服务质量的同时改善低优先级队列的延时特性。     

广域环境下基于Q型因子学习方法的电网节点聚合规律?

大规模可再生能源的并网以及电力市场解除管制的改革,使传统集中式的节点电压在线安全分析、调度与控制方法面临困境。对此,在电网运行状况全景过程化可观测条件下,提出了渐进学习的电网节点聚合的新调控理论,通过电网"局部自治与集中调控互融"的调控方式解决电网的调控问题。提出了基于Q型因子学习的电网节点聚合规律的挖掘方法,根据传统节点电压方程及发电机、负荷的等值模型得到广域环境下节点电压向量与电势之间的解析关系,推导出连续2个量测时刻下节点电压幅值变化的影响因子,并对其进行过程化的Q型因子学习,进而得到电压幅值具有一致变化的节点聚合规律。通过对德州电网的仿真分析,验证了所提方法的准确性及有效性。     

复合绝缘子弱憎水性状态描述方法Ⅲ——液滴面积法的适用性

寻求合适的方法及参数来描述染污复合绝缘子的弱憎水性状态,对弱憎水性状态给出明确的定义,并对当前已有的7个憎水等级进一步细化。通过10μL靛蓝溶液在染污高温硫化硅橡胶试片表面的垂直投影面积,来反映污层的憎水性状况,并尝试将液滴面积与染污绝缘芯棒的污闪电压建立联系,以揭示弱憎水性阶段憎水性能改变对绝缘子污闪特性的影响。结合液滴在污层表面的形态以及试品的污闪特性,在人工污秽试验的基础上将当前憎水等级HC7进一步细化为四个阶段,分别是HC7A、HC7B、HC7C及HC7D。比较液滴面积、液滴接触角以及喷水分级试验结果,将新憎水等级HC7B定义为弱憎水性状态。试验研究认为:液滴面积法弥补了液滴接触角法在染污试品呈弱憎水性状态下的不足,可以用于弱憎水性阶段的憎水特性研究;而憎水性较强时,面积法对憎水性的辨识能力有限,选用接触角法更适合此阶段的研究。