Investigation report of geotechnical disaster on river area due to typhoon landfall three times on Okhotsk region,Hokkaido, Japan

For one week from August 17 to 23, 2016, three consecutive typhoons made landfall in Hokkaido for the first time on record. These typhoons and the front they stimulated brought record-breaking torrential rain over the eastern part of Hokkaido. To investigate the damage to grounds and rivers resulting from this rainfall, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS) formed a disaster research group to conduct an investigation. This report provides the results of the investigation into damage to the grounds of areas along the Tokoro River of the Okhotsk region, Hokkaido, that suffered from this tremendous and diverse disaster. Specifically, the report describes the situation of the levees which were broken and eroded by the overflowing water, the shape of the levee bodies, the levee body soil properties examined by observation of the sections, as well as the occurrence of sand boiling and air blows. The washout of road embankments as well as damage to road bridge mounting fills and abutment backfills were also investigated. The investigation has demonstrated the need to clarify the resistance of the abutment backfills and levee bodies to flowing water as well as the geotechnical predominant factors in order to clarify the mechanisms behind erosion and washout, the need to review new measures that allow for the scale of sand boiling and resultant changes in levee body stability, and the fact that the existing embankments were able to temporarily suppress the flooding water which had spilled over from the river. Furthermore, although it has been identified that the findings of a study on an embankment washout associated with a tsunami can be applied to measures taken against the overflowing water, it has also been found necessary to clarify the predominant geotechnical factors using model tests and to use a more sophisticated analytical approach to establish a geotechnical stability review as soon as possible in order to prevent the levees and embankments from being eroded and washed out due to overflowing water.     

泵高速用平底直U形卸荷槽的研究与分析

为解决高速齿轮泵困油的卸荷问题,提出了一款极易加工的平底直U形卸荷槽及形位尺寸;并与传统的矩形卸荷槽进行卸荷面积和困油压力的实例对比。结果表明:U形最大卸荷面积增加了13.5%,能有效解决最小困油容积附近的卸荷能力不足问题,且其结构与加工简单;在8 000 r/min高转速下, U形卸荷槽困油的压力峰值增加率为15.9%,压力谷值为-0.26 MPa,其困油现象相对轻微;而矩形卸荷槽的压力峰值增加率和压力谷值分别为25.1%和-0.61 MPa,其困油现象相对严重。     

近 20 年国外系统保护规划研究进展及启示

运用系统保护规划（SCP）的方法建立保护地（protected area）对生物多样性资源及其所提供的生态系统服务价值具有重要保护作用。笔者归纳总结了自 19 世纪 80 年代以来系统保护规划思想产生和发展的历程,随后基于近 20 年来系统保护规划相关文献,梳理得到现阶段影响保护规划最为核心的两大背景—气候变化及生态系统服务,此背景对系统保护规划六步法关键步骤的研究动态产生深刻影响,并推动了新的研究进展的产生,其中涵盖了规划理念更新、保护目标多元化、数据及模型算法拓展、管理框架变更。笔者结合中国的自然保护地规划背景和相关实践,从关键内容、监测评估、实施管理 3 个方面提出未来的研究方向,以期通过借鉴国际上保护规划的方法、工具、经验对完善中国的保护地体系构建的实践提供参考。     

X射线荧光光谱原位微区分析的地学应用评介

原位微区分析是微观物质研究的重要手段,是现代分析技术的重要发展方向。以扫描核探针(SNM)、同步辐射X射线微探针(SR-XRMP)、二次离子质谱(SIMS)和激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)为主的微区痕量分析技术是一类新的微区分析手段,它从根本上解决了以电子探针分析技术(EMPA)和各类电镜(扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、分析电子显微镜(AEM))为主的电子微束技术(发展较早,已相当成熟)难以分析痕量元素的弱点,使原位微区分析成为一种能测定包括主、次、痕量元素和同位素在内的完整分析体系。文章收集了20世纪80年代以来原位微区X射线荧光分析地质应用探索的文献,首先介绍了相关专著、XRF专著中的相关内容及这方面的重要评述,随后从SR-XRMP、SNM、微束X射线荧光光谱(M-XRF)和多功能X射线荧光光谱仪器等方面评介其地学应用,涉及矿物微区元素分布、地质包裹体、陨石分析、从海洋矿物层状结构和韵律特征进行的成因矿物学研究及海洋环境变化、通过石笋类环带结构和湖泊沉积进行的古环境古气候研究的时间分辨率提高到季节尺度、恐龙蛋化石的铂族元素分布研究生物绝灭事件等。最后从技术特点和应用领域讨论了原位微区XRF分析的分类问题。引文187篇。     

控制姬塬地区长4+5超低渗油藏单井产能的主要地质因素分析

目前针对超低渗油藏单井产能的地质因素分析极少。文章通过姬塬地区长4+5超低渗油层组为研究目的层,以岩芯分析、测井解释数据统计、粒度分析资料、储层宏微观表征等技术手段,对影响目的层位的主要地质因素进行分析。结果表明,研究区目的层单井产能受沉积相类型、储层类型、储层微观参数与有效厚度等多种地质因素控制。具体表现在水下分流河道、前缘席状砂等以砂岩含量居多的沉积微相对应层位单井产能较高;储层内孔隙的空间组合类型、孔渗参数大小均影响储层的渗透与流通程度,从而影响其单井产能。总结不同地质因素对姬塬地区长4+5超低渗油藏的控制作用,可以为研究区今后的布井开发,或进一步的方案调整提供有利的依据。     

陕南镇巴地区牛蹄塘组页岩沉积环境分析

页岩的形成环境对于页岩储层评价和甜点预测具有重要意义。文章应用元素地球化学分析方法探讨陕西西乡—镇巴地区牛蹄塘组页岩沉积环境。①B含量和Sp值、Fe_2O_3/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)图解、Mn_O/Ti O_2均指示牛蹄塘组沉积于大陆边缘浅海环境;②Sr/Cu、CIA和高BaXS均反映该区牛蹄塘组沉积期间气候温暖湿润,生物繁盛,水体古生产力高;③V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co、Th/U、δU及草莓状黄铁矿富集表明牛蹄塘组页岩在缺氧的还原条件下沉积;④红柱石晶体、Si O_2/Al_2O_3比值及高丰度Mo、V表征牛蹄塘组页岩硅质矿物除陆源碎屑外,大部分为生物成因,仅在地层底部有少量热液成因硅。     

胶东玲珑金矿田深部钻孔揭露招平断裂带及其意义

玲珑金矿田位于胶东隆起区,著名的招(远)—平(度)金成矿带的北端。文章以野外调查和已有资料为基础,重点剖析研究区深部钻孔资料,对比研究招平断裂带北段地质特征、蚀变带特征、控矿构造特征,取得了一定的新认识。最新研究成果表明:九曲蒋家断裂带和破头青断裂带属同期构造、同一性质成矿流体、壳幔混合的中低温热液矿床,均为招平断裂带北段的分支控矿断裂带;通过对比含矿碎裂岩带宽度和探获金资源量,证实九曲蒋家断裂带规模及含矿性均强于破头青断裂带,九曲蒋家断裂带为招平断裂带北段最主要控矿断裂。九曲蒋家断裂带深部是今后重点找矿方向,本文按地质可靠程度圈定了5处预测区,共预测Au金属量约1200t。     

基于大数据分析的矿区土壤重金属污染评价

通过以矿区土壤重金属污染评价作为主要研究对象,采用大数据分析技术,在结合具体调查矿区实际情况的基础上,建立相应的矿区土壤重金属污染评价模型。并对评价结果进行分析,可知评价矿区土壤重金属污染情况对落实矿区生态保护工作,维护整体生态系统以及人体健康安全具有重要意义。结果显所建立的单因子污染指数模型、综合污染指数模型以及污染负荷指数模型与潜在生态危害模型,得出的评价结果基本一致。在该矿区土壤中存在严重的重金属污染,包括Cd污染、Cu污染以及轻微的Ni等污染。相比于矿区周边区域,采场中的污染问题更为严重,因此需要在矿区后续工作中加大生态修复力度,重点加强对Cd污染与Cu污染的防治处理。     

青海巴拉哈图—白土沟地区成矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

巴拉哈图—白土沟地区属于北祁连铜、金、铅、锌成矿带托莱山—大坂山成矿亚带。该区上奥陶统扣门子组中基性—中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩及沉积岩系分布广泛,构造发育,岩浆活动强烈,具有良好的成矿地质条件。该区已先后发现红沟中型铜矿、松树南沟中型金矿及多拉隆哇金矿等矿床(点),但是整体上来讲,工作程度依然处于较低水平。本文通过对该区成矿地质条件和已有成矿事实等因素分析,认为在该区寻找多金属矿床仍有很大潜力,建议对该区进一步开展找矿工作。     

Preparation of activated carbon with low ash content and high specific surface area from coal in the presence of KOH

An activated carbon with ash content less than ]0% and specific surface area more than 1600 m^2/g was prepared from cool and the effect of K-containing compounds in preparation of cool-based activated carbon was investigated in detail in this paper. KOH was used in co-carbonization with coal, changes in graphitic crystallites in chars derived from carbonization of coal with and without KOH were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, activation rates of chars with different contents of K-containing compounds were deduced, and resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and iodine numbers. The results showed that the addition of KOH to the coal before carbonization can realize the intensive removal of inorganic matters from chars under mild conditions, especially the efficient removal of dispersive quartz, an extremely difficult separated mineral component in other processes else. Apart from this, KOH demonstrates a favorable effect in control over cool carbonization with the goal to form nongraphitizable isotropic carbon precursor, which is a necessary prerequisite for the formation and development of micro pores. However, the K-containing compounds such as K2CO3 and K20 remaining in chars after carbonization catalyze the reaction between carbon and steam in activation, which leads to the formation of macro pores. In the end an innovative method, in which KOH is added to coal before carbonization and K-containing compounds are removed by acid washing after carbonization, was proposed for the synthesis of quality coal-based activated carbon.