中东MIS构造Asmari组碳酸盐岩储层新认识

过去受技术条件、资料完整性及准确性等的限制,对中东MIS构造储层的认识存在一定的局限性。为此,根据最新的野外露头调查和新钻井获得的岩心普通薄片、铸体薄片、电镜扫描、CT扫描、EMI测井以及裂缝预测等成果资料,对该区Asmari组碳酸盐岩储层进行了深入研究与评价,获得了新的认识：①储层的主要岩性为早期白云化作用形成的细-粉晶白云岩岩类;②主要储集空间为晚期溶蚀作用形成的大量次生溶蚀孔、洞,白云岩类储层溶蚀孔、洞发育,物性好;③整体上,Asmari组上部基质储层在纵向上呈层状、多层叠置分布,横向上主要储层段具连续、连片分布的特征;④阿尔卑斯造山运动形成的构造张裂缝发育,主要为与构造走向（N45°W）一致的纵裂缝,在不同构造部位及不同层段,裂缝发育程度差异较大;⑤不同产状的构造裂缝组合构成了裂缝网络系统,裂缝与溶洞相互关联、配搭,形成了良好的缝-洞储渗系统,溶蚀孔、洞与构造裂缝配搭形成了良好的裂缝-孔（洞）隙型储层。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷中北部花港组储层致密化过程分析

综合运用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、恒速压汞、X衍射、流体包裹体测温、激光拉曼成分分析及伊利石同位素测年等技术方法,分析了东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷中北部花港组储层致密化过程,并探讨了储层致密化控制因素。花港组储层非均质性受孔喉结构控制,喉道半径小于1 μm即为致密储层;埋藏压实是储层普遍低渗、致密的主因,差异成岩作用加剧了储层的差异演化,当地温超过160℃,环边绿泥石对胶结作用的抑制明显减弱,中成岩B期碱性封闭环境使得大量含铁碳酸盐、绒球状绿泥石及搭桥状伊利石富集直接堵塞喉道,造成花港组储层规模性致密。对花港组储层关键成岩期演化过程进行恢复,推测花港组H4、H5砂层组在9~7 Ma进入规模性致密,龙井运动强烈侧向挤压加速了致密化进程。     

西气东输二线东段隧道险情预警分析及处理方法

密岭2#隧道是西气东输二线工程干线中最长的非控制性隧道。在隧道施工过程中,监控量测信息可直接反映围岩的稳定状态及支护的安全状态。文章介绍了隧道监控量测工作流程和技术要求,结合西气东输二线东段密岭2#隧道工程进行数据的采集、整理、分析,对围岩稳定性进行分析评判,对可能出现的险情进行预警。险情出现后及时修改了设计参数,在保持对该危险断面监测的同时采取了加固、封堵、钢支护加强等措施,达到保证施工安全的目的。     

西湖凹陷始新统平湖组煤系烃源岩分子地球化学特征

60个饱和烃和芳烃组分的GC－MS分析资料表明,东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖组煤系烃源岩饱和烃中富含源于针叶树脂的二萜烷类生物标志物,甾烷中普遍以C₂₉ 化合物占优势（>45%）,芳烃组分中惹烯、1,7-二甲基菲等陆源标志物含量异常高,这些结果反映该煤系烃源岩的成烃母质主要来源于陆源高等植物。相对于煤及碳质泥岩,暗色泥岩中C₂₇ 甾烷有较高含量,且正构烷烃呈双峰型分布,说明其有机质生物源中水生生物占有一定比例。该煤系烃源岩的Pr/Ph值大多分布在3.5~8.5,二苯并呋喃类化合物较多,指示这套烃源层主要形成于氧化性较强的湖沼相环境;部分暗色泥岩Pr/Ph值在1.5左右,可能属弱还原-弱氧化的半深湖相沉积。煤及碳质泥岩以高C₂₉ 甾烷（大于80%）、低伽马蜡烷（与C₃₀ 藿烷的比值低于0.05）与暗色泥岩形成区别。     

遥感技术在东居延海水面面积监测中的应用

选择2007—2009年的TM影像、CBERS影像、P5、中国资源卫星、环境减灾卫星等13景高分辨率卫星遥感影像进行预处理后,提取了东居延海水面面积,但MODIS影像解译东居延海水面面积总体偏小,最大误差达13.3%,平均误差为4.9%。通过建立高分辨率影像与MODIS影像解译东居延海水面面积修正模型,对MODIS影像解译结果进行误差修正。结果表明:修正后的MODIS影像解译面积总体精度有较大提高,最大误差为5.8%,平均误差为2.6%。     

The current bioenergy production potential of semi-arid and arid regions in sub-Saharan Africa

This article assesses the current technical and economic potential of three bioenergy production systems (cassava ethanol, jatropha oil and fuelwood) in semi-arid and arid regions of eight sub-Saharan African countries. The results indicate that the availability of land for energy production ranges from 2% (1.3 Mha) of the total semi-arid and arid area in South Africa to 21% (12 Mha) in Botswana. Land availability for bioenergy production is restricted mainly by agricultural land use, but also by steep slopes and biodiversity protection. The current total technical potential for the semi-arid and arid regions of the eight countries is calculated to be approximately 300 PJ y⁻¹ for cassava ethanol production, 600 PJ y⁻¹ for jatropha biodiesel or 4000 PJ y⁻¹ for fuelwood. The analysis of economic potentials shows that in many semi-arid regions, cassava ethanol, jatropha oil and fuelwood can compete economically with the reference energy sources. However, fuelwood, jatropha oil, and cassava ethanol production costs in most arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa are often above average national market prices of gasoline, diesel, and fuelwood. Nevertheless, for example, in arid Kenya 270 PJ could be produced annually with fuelwood at production costs of less than 3 US$ GJ⁻¹. Despite high production costs, it is important to investigate and invest in sustainable bioenergy production in semi-arid and arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa because of its potential to drive rural economic and social development.     

Energy security and sustainability in Northeast Asia

“Energy Security” has typically, to those involved in making energy policy, meant mostly securing access to oil and other fossil fuels. With increasingly global, diverse energy markets, however, and increasingly transnational problems resulting from energy transformation and use, old energy security rationales are less salient, and other issues, including climate change and other environmental, economic, and international considerations are becoming increasingly important. As a consequence, a more comprehensive operating definition of “Energy Security” is needed, along with a workable framework for analysis of which future energy paths or scenarios are likely to yield greater Energy Security in a broader, more comprehensive sense. Work done as a part of the Nautilus Institute's “Pacific Asia Regional Energy Security” (PARES) project developed a broader definition of Energy Security, and described an analytical framework designed to help to compare the energy security characteristics – both positive and negative – of different quantitative energy paths as developed using software tools such as the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) system.     

Energy sector of the Russian Far East: Current status and scenarios for the future

This article describes the Russian Far East's energy sector, stressing its limited energy exports, and use of separate electricity and heating grids to geographically dispersed population centers with various supply patterns distributed across a vast territory. One key strategic trend has been to strengthen the potential of the region as an energy supplier for the countries of Northeast Asia. This underlies the framework used to develop three energy scenarios of the Russian Far East's energy future through 2030: Reference, National Alternative and Regional Alternative. While the Regional Alternative case has much greater total costs for implementation, yields almost the same amount of emissions as the BAU case, and requires greater governmental efforts to bring it to reality, it looks preferable for the RFE as a whole because it has a well-balanced primary energy consumption mix, lower energy and ecology/GDP indices, and a lower fraction of energy imports; offers greater diversity of energy supply; and provides better local energy service. The authors would like to thank Boris Saneev, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Izhbuldin from the Institute of Energy Systems, Irkutsk; Julia Savelieva from Far Eastern Coal Research; and Alla Filatova from Far Eastern Power Engineering Institute for providing technical information, and expertise.     

Financing concentrating solar power in the Middle East and North Africa—Subsidy or investment?

The paper presents a strategy for the market introduction of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) that will not require considerable subsidization and will not constitute a significant burden for electricity consumers in the region. In the first section, the paper explains the need of MENA countries for sustainable supply of electricity and calculates the cost of electricity for a model case country. In the second part, the cost development of concentrating solar power plants is calculated on the basis of expectations for the expansion of CSP on a global level. After that, the challenges for the market introduction of CSP in MENA are explained. Finally, we present a strategy for the market introduction of CSP in MENA, removing the main barriers for financing and starting market introduction in the peak load and the medium load segment of power supply. The paper explains why long-term power purchase agreements (PPA) for CSP should be calculated on the basis of avoided costs, starting in the peak load segment. Such PPA are not yet available, the paper aims to convince policy makers to introduce them.     

Combustion characteristics of biomass in SouthEast Asia

Gas emission during combustion of mixed tropical wood, bamboo, oil palm trunk, acacia, and rubber wood have been investigated by using TG–MS in presence of oxygen as well as FTIR. The weight decreasing profiles and the gas formation rates of oil palm trunk was significantly different among the samples although their elemental composition was almost the same from biomass samples. It was found that H₂O is the main product formed for all samples. The evolving rates of the gaseous products during the combustion and infrared spectrums such as CO, H₂O, CO₂, CH₄ and COOH⁺ were found. The DTG curves spectrums for biomass present four overlapping peaks.