遥感技术在东居延海水面面积监测中的应用

选择2007—2009年的TM影像、CBERS影像、P5、中国资源卫星、环境减灾卫星等13景高分辨率卫星遥感影像进行预处理后,提取了东居延海水面面积,但MODIS影像解译东居延海水面面积总体偏小,最大误差达13.3%,平均误差为4.9%。通过建立高分辨率影像与MODIS影像解译东居延海水面面积修正模型,对MODIS影像解译结果进行误差修正。结果表明:修正后的MODIS影像解译面积总体精度有较大提高,最大误差为5.8%,平均误差为2.6%。     

Damage to sewage systems caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake,and governmental policy

The Great East Japan Earthquake and its accompanying liquefaction and tsunami severely damaged many sewage systems including sewage pipes, manholes, pumping stations and sewage treatment plants over a wide area from Tohoku to the Kanto region. We conducted a questionnaire survey, interview survey and on-site confirmation in order to summarize and categorize the damage factors that shut down facilities such as drainage systems and treatment systems. We also studied the effectiveness of countermeasures to prevent liquefaction of the sewage system. The results showed that 90% of sewage pipes and 70% of manholes were damaged by liquefaction and that 54% of wastewater treatment plants and 75% of pumping stations were damaged by tsunami. Nevertheless, no severe damage was found along sewage pipe sections where liquefaction countermeasures had been executed, suggesting that the countermeasures are effective.     

Isolation and identification of phosphate‐solubilizing microorganisms and distribution of orthophosphate in different seasons from sewage‐fed East Kolkata Wetland

This study focused on isolation and identification of possible phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB ) from the sewage‐fed East Kolkata Wetland (EKWL ), a prospective water resource for pisciculture. In addition, different limnological parameters have been correlated with orthophosphate and seasonal variations. PSB have been isolated in Pikovskaya medium and identified morphologically and biochemically and finally analysed by 16S rDNA gene sequence. Limnological studies involving temperature (potentiometric), pH (potentiometric), dissolved oxygen (iodometric), ammonia‐nitrogen (spectrophotometric) and orthophosphate (spectrophotometric) concentrations were conducted. The results of this study established the presence of Bacillus megaterium , a potential PSB in EKWL . The activity of B. megaterium is also supported by the seasonal orthophosphate variations. The changes in concentration of other limnological parameters were also prominent. The water quality parameters of temperature (r  = 0.886), dissolved oxygen (r  = 0.729) and ammonia‐nitrogen (r  = 0.396) concentrations exhibited a positive correlation with orthophosphate and a negative correlation with pH (r  = ?0.699). The B. megaterium obtained in this study, exhibited a significant alteration in regard to orthophosphate content and relationships with other factors. Further experiment on the soluble phosphorus solubilization potential of B. megaterium revealed the biological availability of phosphorus was increased by threefold after 120 hr of incubation, with the decreasing pH value, although the phytase activity was 0.419 U/ml. PSB have a vital function in plant nutrition in supplying phosphate, essential nutrients and its uptake results in appropriate functioning and metabolism of different aquatic plants and organisms. PSB are competent biofertilizer to amplify aquaculture production for sustainable development.     

Re-thinking Spatial Inequalities in South Africa: Lessons from International Experience

Questions relating to the causes and responses to spatial inequalities are attracting renewed international focus. Uncertainty exists in South Africa as to appropriate responses to persistent and deep-rooted spatial inequalities in the country. This article analyses international research into patterns and causes of spatial inequality to inform policy debates on addressing spatial inequality in contemporary South Africa.     

Development of a regional food composition table for West Africa

Knowledge of the nutrient content of foods is fundamental for virtually all nutrition-related projects, programmes and policies. Low quality compositional data may lead to inappropriate policies and funds spent unnecessarily. Existing food composition tables (FCT) for most West African countries date back to 1960 and 1970 and contain in general few foods and components without documentation. As a result of the recommendations by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Nutrition forum and other high level meetings, FAO/INFOODS, WAHO/ECOWAS and Bioversity International developed the West African FCT. It contains 472 foods and 28 components. Emphasis was given to include data on food biodiversity by incorporating cultivars/varieties and underutilized foods. The West African FCT enables users to address diet-related health problems, strengthen local development, enhance trade and promote biodiversity. In addition it contributes to poverty alleviation in both rural and urban areas. The FCT needs to be updated regularly and it is the most recent example of INFOODS for regional food composition activities.     

Energy sector of the Russian Far East: Current status and scenarios for the future

This article describes the Russian Far East's energy sector, stressing its limited energy exports, and use of separate electricity and heating grids to geographically dispersed population centers with various supply patterns distributed across a vast territory. One key strategic trend has been to strengthen the potential of the region as an energy supplier for the countries of Northeast Asia. This underlies the framework used to develop three energy scenarios of the Russian Far East's energy future through 2030: Reference, National Alternative and Regional Alternative. While the Regional Alternative case has much greater total costs for implementation, yields almost the same amount of emissions as the BAU case, and requires greater governmental efforts to bring it to reality, it looks preferable for the RFE as a whole because it has a well-balanced primary energy consumption mix, lower energy and ecology/GDP indices, and a lower fraction of energy imports; offers greater diversity of energy supply; and provides better local energy service. The authors would like to thank Boris Saneev, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Izhbuldin from the Institute of Energy Systems, Irkutsk; Julia Savelieva from Far Eastern Coal Research; and Alla Filatova from Far Eastern Power Engineering Institute for providing technical information, and expertise.     

The Cereal Market and the Role of Fermentation in Cereal-Based Food Production in Africa

Cereals represent the main crop in Africa (45% of arable land) and make an important contribution to the human diet in this continent. Cereals for humans are not consumed raw. Fermentation technology is widely used in Africa to transform cereals into edible products as well as to preserve and enhance the nutritional and safety aspects of cereals. In general, in Africa, this process is not controlled and is devoid of good manufacturing practices (GMPs). Spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms may compromise the final quality when the fermentation is not controlled. This article focuses on the role that the fermentation process could play in creating safe food conditions in Africa. Taking into account the increasing demand for cereals, in particular maize and rice, which contain undesired microorganisms, fermentation can play an important role in creating food security and safety. Here, the authors report a detailed analysis of the cereal market, the main transformation processes used to obtain a variety of products from cereals, the most current information on the microbial ecology of the most important traditional fermented cereals, and the safety aspects of and the technological parameters for the selection of the strains to be used as starters for African cereal-based fermented products.     

离世乐道的居所——柳宗元《潭州杨中丞作东池戴氏堂记》的建筑学分析

该文从周边环境、选址立基、人物、植物四个方面对柳宗元<潭州杨中丞作东池戴氏堂记>进行了建筑学意义上的分析,通过汉字含意的深入解读,以及与今日建筑设计过程的比较,指向一种充满高尚情怀的人生境界的建筑学,以期对当代社会的营造活动有所启迪.     

天荒坪抽水蓄能电站的调度运行原则

介绍了天荒坪电站影响华东电网运行的主要方面 :缓解电峰调峰矛盾、机组启停冲击电网频率和主网潮流变化加大 ,还介绍了国外专家对调度运行的咨询意见和现行调度原则。就电站一年多的运行情况对调度运行提出了建议。     

Aggregate demand for electricity in South Africa: An analysis using the bounds testing approach to cointegration

Electricity demand in South Africa has grown at a very rapid rate over the past decade. As part of reform initiatives to enhance long-term sustainability of the country's electricity industry, South Africa's authorities have in recent years sought to develop an electricity pricing framework that is cost reflective and forms the cornerstone of demand management schemes meant to foster changes in consumption behaviour and enhance efficiency in resource use. The effects of any pricing policy on aggregate electricity consumption will depend on a useful understanding of the factors that influence electricity demand, and the magnitude to which electricity demand responds to changes in such factors. In this context, this paper applies the bounds testing approach to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed lag framework to examine the aggregate demand for electricity in South Africa during the period 1960–2007. The results indicate that in the long run, income is the main determinant of electricity demand. With electricity prices having an insignificant effect on aggregate electricity demand, future pricing policies will need to ensure that electricity prices are cost reflective and enhance efficiency of electricity supply and use.