Responses of the reflectance indices PRI and NDVI to experimental warming and drought in European shrublands along a north-south climatic gradient

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ground-based canopy reflectance measurements to detect changes in physiology and structure of vegetation in response to experimental warming and drought treatment at six European shrublands located along a North-South climatic gradient. We measured canopy reflectance, effective green leaf area index (green LAIe) and chlorophyll fluorescence of dominant species. The treatment effects on green LAIe varied among sites. We calculated three reflectance indices: photochemical reflectance index PRI [531 nm; 570 nm], normalized difference vegetation index NDVI₆₈₀ [780 nm; 680 nm] using red spectral region, and NDVI₅₇₀ [780 nm; 570 nm] using the same green spectral region as PRI. All three reflectance indices were significantly related to green LAIe and were able to detect changes in shrubland vegetation among treatments. In general warming treatment increased PRI and drought treatment reduced NDVI values. The significant treatment effect on photochemical efficiency of plants detected with PRI could not be detected by fluorescence measurements. However, we found canopy level measured PRI to be very sensitive to soil reflectance properties especially in vegetation areas with low green LAIe. As both soil reflectance and LAI varied between northern and southern sites it is problematic to draw universal conclusions of climate-derived changes in all vegetation types based merely on PRI measurements. We propose that canopy level PRI measurements can be more useful in areas of dense vegetation and dark soils.     

Spatial and temporal variability of macrophyte cover and productivity in the eastern Amazon floodplain: A remote sensing approach

Herbaceous aquatic macrophytes cover extensive areas on the floodplains of the Amazon basin and are an important habitat and input of organic carbon. These communities have large intra- and inter-annual variability, and characterization of this variability is necessary to quantify the role of macrophytes in the ecology and biogeochemistry of the floodplain. A novel approach for mapping the temporal evolution of aquatic vegetation in the Amazon floodplain, which could be adapted to other spatially and temporally changing environments, is presented. Macrophyte cover varied seasonally and inter-annually, ranging between 104 and 198 km² for the floodplain examined (total area, 984 km²). The observed evolution of plant distribution indicated a spatial and temporal partition of macrophyte communities into short-lived and annual groups. A simulation of macrophyte net primary production (NPP) based on the mapping results indicated that at least 3% of NPP could be attributed to the short-lived communities. The present results suggest that significant changes in the macrophyte's contribution to carbon cycling in the Amazon floodplain could occur as a result of the predicted increase in frequency of drought years for the Amazon system due to climate change.     

基于地理位置改进的动态源路由协议

本文对DSR协议进行局部改进,提出有限半径内的洪泛与半径区域间依靠最短地理位置来选择最优下一跳中转节点的机制。改进后的协议减少了路由发现过程的开销和端到端分组传输的平均时延,更适合实时业务需求。     

联合信源信道算术码研究

介绍联合信源信道算术码添加禁用符号的编码方法,以实例方式引入联合信源信道算术码的检错原理。综述联合信源信道算术码的检错时延分布、几何分布,分析各种解码方法、序列解码方法及其各种改进,研究基于有限状态机的解码方法与其他信道码构成的迭代式联合解码方法,并展望目前联合信源信道算术码研究存在的问题及其前景。     

3G用户在WLANs间的快速认证方法

EAP-AKA协议可以实现用户和3G网络的双向认证,但缺乏对无线局域网(WLAN)接入网络的认证和用户主密钥的更新机制,并且3G用户在WLAN间漫游时代价较高。针对上述问题,利用身份加密技术和门票技术改进EAP-AKA协议,设计无需3G网络参与的WLAN间快速漫游协议,实现对WLAN接入网络的认证和主密钥更新。     

FRA:基于帧长和发送速率的信道竞争算法

提出一种MAC层竞争信道的FRA算法。FRA算法以实验测得的数据帧长和信道速率作为调节CWmin的因子,提高了发送大数据帧或高速信道节点的信道占用时间。实验结果表明,该算法在速率、帧长各异的无线网络环境中,网络总吞吐率比DCF协议提高约70%。     

基于改进离散PSO算法的DSR协议

提出一种基于改进离散粒子群优化算法的DSR协议——P-DSR.引入智能代理作为粒子,将求解Ad hoc网络的最优路由问题等效为0-1组合优化问题,将链路稳定因子作为粒子群优化算法的适应值函数.仿真结果表明,与传统DSR协议相比,P-DSR协议具有较低的端到端时廷及较高的数据包投递率.     

CAN总线网络层协议栈开发测试

对ISO15765协议进行分析,依据协议在基于MC9S12DP512芯片的整车控制器上完成CAN网络层协议栈的开发,给出开发过程。在VC环境下开发测试程序,对协议栈进行测试。结果表明,实现的CAN网络层协议栈符合ISO15765协议的规定,可满足车辆故障诊断系统等具体应用中系统对CAN网络层通信的需求。     

Computing integrals over polynomially defined regions and their boundaries in 2 and 3 dimensions

We use the cylindrical algebraic decomposition algorithms implemented in Mathematica to produce procedures to analytically compute integrals over polynomially defined regions and their boundaries in two and three dimensions. Using these results, we can implement the divergence theorem in three dimensions or the Green's theorems in two dimensions. These theorems are of central importance in the applications of multidimensional integration. They also provide a strong correctness test for the implementation of our results in a computer algebra system. The resulting software can solve many of the two and some of the three dimensional integration problems in vector calculus textbooks. The three dimensional results are being extended. The results in this paper are being included in an automated student assistant for vector calculus.