Survival analysis of a neotropical rainforest using multitemporal satellite imagery

We present results of an analysis of deforestation at a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, the Parque National Yasuní, located in the rainforests of eastern Ecuador using multitemporal Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite imagery. Using survival analysis, we assessed both current and future trends in deforestation rates, and investigated the impact of spatial, cultural, and economic factors on deforestation. These factors included the distance from roads, rivers, research facilities, oil facilities, markets and towns, and land ownership by colonists, native inhabitants, and an oil company. We found the annual rate of deforestation is currently only 0.11%, but that this rate is increasing with time and, assuming that the trend of increasing rate of forest loss continues, we would predict that by 2063, 50% of the forest within 2 km of an oil access road will be lost to unhindered colonization and anthropogenic conversion. The Quechua colonists are associated with areas of the highest rate of deforestation, followed by the native Huaorani and the lowest region of deforestation was in areas occupied by a local oil company. By far, the strongest predictor of where deforestation is predicted to occur was proximity to the road. Proximity to research sites, oil facilities, market, and rivers significantly decreases deforestation rates, and proximity to towns significantly increases deforestation rates.     

厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地16区块油气地质及勘探潜力

厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地是南美安第斯山前的一个前陆盆地,是厄瓜多尔的主要产油区。通过对Oriente盆地16区块的油气地质条件的系统分析,认为16区块烃源条件较好、储集条件优越、生储盖组合有利,具有较大的勘探潜力。晚白垩世末-古近纪时期形成的低幅(断)背斜、岩性-背斜构造是区内有利的勘探目标,并指出区块东部应以白垩系Napo组的M1、U砂岩为主要目的层系,西部应以M1、T砂岩和Hollin组砂岩为主要目的层系。     

厄瓜多尔炼油工业现状及投资机会分析

简述了厄瓜多尔石油工业的基本情况,详细介绍了其炼油工业的加工规模、存在问题和发展规划,分析了炼油项目的投资机会和风险。     

The political construction and fixing of water overabundance: rural–urban flood-risk politics in coastal Ecuador

ABSTRACT

Ecuador’s mega-dam project aims to control Chone city’s flooding hazards, but it submerges peasants’ territories – legitimized by ‘modern city/majority benefit’ versus ‘rural backward/sacrifice-able minority’ discourse. Presented as disordered, unruly and needing domestication, peasants must follow urban imaginaries and safeguard modern-urban progress. Policy-makers’ water overabundance discourse presents ‘flood risk’ as a natural and techno-managerial problem, hiding how unequal power balances establish ‘high-value’ (urban/elite) areas as protection zones and rural areas as sacrifice zones. Excessive water is stored in rural areas, neglecting peasants’ livelihoods and governance forms. The paper’s political ecology approach displays the ‘water overabundance’ discourse as a techno-political, naturalized construct that profoundly impacts rural–urban hydro-territoriality.     

Internal migration in a developing country: A panel data analysis of Ecuador (1982–2010)

In this paper, we examine determinants of internal migration flows between the 21 provinces of Ecuador from 1982 to 2010. Using specifications based on the gravity model, we identified push and pull factors. We considered multilateral resistance to migration by using various monadic and dyadic fixed effects structures. The study confirmed the concentration of the population in the two provinces that contain the country's main cities. However, in recent years, this trend has weakened, to the extent that the provinces with the greatest influx of migrants are not necessarily the most populated. This indicates that growth has become more balanced throughout the territory, and that small and medium‐sized cities are increasingly important.     

“城市翻修”教学系列报告（九）：厄瓜多尔曼塔国际机场概念性设计

本文介绍了清华大学、厄瓜多尔技术大学、慕尼黑工业大学三校建筑院系联合设计课程专题＂厄瓜多尔曼塔国际机场概念性设计＂,包括课程背景、课程要求、课程进度、作业解析及教学启示等内容。     

电潜螺杆泵在携砂开采厄瓜多尔重油油藏中的研究与应用

介绍了电潜螺杆泵的工作原理及技术特点,阐述了其关键部件-减速装置、弹性体(定子)和柔性轴的选取原则和方法.厄瓜多尔F-S油田电潜螺杆泵开采重油油藏先导性试验结果表明,该技术极大地提高了油井检泵周期,将其由48d提高到了600d,是携砂开采重油油藏一种经济、可行的方法.     

Land use and water quality in a rural cloud forest region (Intag,Ecuador)

The Intag cloud forest region of northwestern Ecuador is characterized by exceptional biodiversity, large known and unknown deposits of copper and other valuable minerals, and a high level of environmental awareness and concern among the human population. Its 1000 km of rivers and streams are essential for household use, crop irrigation, livestock production and sustaining unique ecosystems. However, no published data exist on water quality in the region. This study characterizes water quality in five river systems in Intag and relates it to land use (protected forest, agriculture/pasture, urban development or mining) upstream of the sampling point. Additionally, we sampled 15 community water supply systems. Parameters measured included turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, discharge and aquatic invertebrate diversity. Significant differences in pH, aquatic invertebrate diversity, and the concentrations of FIB, nutrients and dissolved metals were observed between land use groups. Forested streams consistently had the lowest pollutant concentrations, whereas those flowing past population centres or mining areas showed the greatest impairment. Elevated As concentrations were observed in association with abandoned mining boreholes, hot springs and wastewater discharges. FIB, nutrient and metal concentrations in water systems were similar to those in forested streams, indicating that these systems maintain water in an unpolluted condition. To preserve and enhance Intag's generally good water quality, we recommend installing wastewater treatment systems in larger towns and approaching all mining activity, including exploration, with extreme caution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

厄瓜多尔水资源规划中灌溉保障标准研究与应用

农业用水量一般占总用水量的比例达70%,且常常与其他经济部门用水发生冲突。如何制定合理的灌溉保障标准,既保障粮食安全,又支撑经济社会的可持续发展,是需要系统研究的问题。以厄瓜多尔全国水资源规划为例,提出了确定灌溉保证率的一般流程和方法,制定了厄瓜多尔农业"破坏"准则和灌溉保证率:(1)1a内的缺水量不超过相应需水量的20%;(2)在连续2 a中,总缺水量不超过平均年需水量的30%;(3)在连续10 a中,总缺水量不超过平均年需水量的40%,灌溉保证率标准为75%。并将计算结果与中国和西班牙保证率标准进行比较,结果表明:按照上述标准确定的厄瓜多尔灌溉保证率布置的基础设施建设投资,处于厄瓜多尔国家经济承受能力之内,也符合宪法规定的粮食自主等国家意志;中国现行国家标准对"破坏"准则的定义过于严格,且没有考虑作物的耐旱特性以及农业"非充分灌溉"等措施,而行业标准又太宽泛,难以在国外直接应用,有待进一步研究和完善。