不同灌溉量对退化草地的生态恢复作用

在希拉穆仁草原进行了为期3年的草地灌溉试验,对测试的试验地在灌溉3年期间及停灌后1年内进行了植被调查和土壤种子库发芽试验,结果表明：一是灌溉可以明显提高草地植被的生产性能且不同灌溉量间并无明显差异。当停止灌溉后,原灌溉样地的植被生产性能均略低于无灌溉对照区,且不同灌溉量间也无明显差异。二是不同灌溉量样地植被物种组成与无灌溉对照区的Bray-curtis相似性系数始终保持在0.8左右,表明灌溉期间群落结构并未发生很大变化。当停止灌溉后,原灌溉样地与无灌溉对照区的Bray-curtis相似性系数下降为充足灌溉区0.61和中度灌溉区0.55,表明灌溉对植物的生存策略有一定的影响且不同灌溉量基本相同。三是土壤中的种子总数量有所增加,但物种的数量有所减少。充足灌溉样地土壤种子库情况略差于无灌溉对照区,中度灌溉样地则略好于无灌溉对照区,表明不同灌溉量对植物的繁殖策略有一定的影响。     

黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷的形态

本文通过牧场试验,探讨了黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷形态,结果表明,四种草地土壤均以Ｃａ－Ｐ为主,约占无机磷总量的６０％左右,Ｏ－Ｐ含量少于Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ．草甸黑钙土无机磷总量最高,Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ都是草甸黑钙土重要的贮磷库;草甸风沙土无机磷总量最低,但Ｃａ８－Ｐ含量相对较高;草甸碱土无机磷总量、Ｃａ２－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量显著高于碱化草甸土．向草甸碱土和碱化草甸土施磷酸二铵能显著增加土壤无机磷的总量,尤其显著提高土壤中Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量．     

基于涡度数据的东北草地光能利用率模型构建与验证

草地作为地球上分布最广的植被类型,在陆地碳循环中发挥着重要作用。草地生产力是估算产草量的基础,准确模拟生产力对草原资源合理利用及生态保护具有重要意义。以东北草地生产力为研究核心,利用涡度相关通量观测数据、遥感数据和气象数据,构建和检验东北草地光能利用率模型。东北草地光能利用率模型以归一化物候植被指数(NDPI)代表光合有效辐射吸收比例,以地表水分指数(LSWI)+0.5表示水分胁迫因子。基于44个草原站的通量数据对东北草地光能利用率模型进行验证,东北草地光能利用率模型的R²为0.855,高于MODIS GPP产品(R²=0.719),略高于VPM GPP产品(R²=0.848),东北草地光能利用率模型的MAE和RMSE分别为0.374 g Cm^-2和0.735 g Cm^-2,低于MODIS GPP产品(MAE=0.562 g Cm^-2,RMSE=1.026 g Cm^-2)和VPM GPP产品(MAE=0.667 g Cm^-2...     

Prediction of botanical composition in grassland herbage samples by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a method to predict the botanical composition of seminatural grassland in ‘dehesa’ systems. Samples of herbaceous biomass were harvested over four consecutive years, determining in each—by manual separation—the proportion by weight of the following taxonomic groups: grasses, legumes and the rest of the families in a single block (‘others’). After reconstructing the natural samples they were analysed by NIRS. One set of samples (calibration set) was selected for the development of the equations, assaying different mathematical treatments (log l/R, first derivative and second derivative). The ranges of coefficients of multiple determination and standard errors of calibration, respectively, for the various components were: grasses, 0.86 to 0.92 and 6.66 to 9.14; legumes, 0.77 to 0.81 and 6.82 to 7.43; and ‘others’, 0.85 to 0.88 and 8.17 to 9.54. The remaining samples not included in the development of the NIRS equations (prediction set) were used for the purposes of validating the best equations. Standard errors of performance were: grasses, 6.12; legumes, 7.56 and ‘others’, 7.70.     

The CENTURY model failed to simulate soil organic matter development in an acidic grassland

Extensive agricultural systems have been promoted all over Europe. Most studies of such systems have focused on plant species composition, while few studies have looked at soil effects. We report on an experiment at three upland sites where soil carbon, nitrogen and pH were measured twice a year for 12 years. There were four grazing treatments: no grazing, grazed to maintain a sward height of 8 cm, grazed to maintain 4 cm (all without fertiliser) and grazed to maintain 4 cm with the addition of fertiliser. There was no significant effect of treatment, but there were differences between sites over time. A simulation model, CENTURY, was adapted to the data. It also predicted little difference between treatments, but the fit to data was not very good. It was necessary to assume that the soils contained a store of undecomposed organic matter or peat that was now slowly decomposing as a result of liming. The need to modify the model to include a pH effect on decomposition in the model is highlighted.     

Dietary Linseed Oil Reduces Growth While Differentially Impacting LC-PUFA Synthesis and Accretion into Tissues in Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) on growth, fatty acid composition and regulation of lipid metabolism in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) juveniles. Fish (17.5 g initial body weight) were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets containing 116 g/kg of lipid for 10 weeks. Fish fed the LO diet displayed lower growth rates and lower levels of DHA in the liver and muscle than fish fed the FO diet, while mortality was not affected by dietary treatment. However, DHA content recorded in the liver and muscle of fish fed the LO diet remained relatively high, despite a weight gain of 134 % and a reduced dietary level of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), suggesting endogenous LC‐PUFA biosynthesis. This was supported by the higher amounts of pathway intermediates, including 18:4n‐3, 20:3n‐3, 20:4n‐3, 18:3n‐6 and 20:3n‐6, recorded in the liver of fish fed the LO diet in comparison with those fed the FO diet. However, fads2 and elovl5 gene expression and FADS2 enzyme activity were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, the expression of genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis was not modulated by dietary LO. Thus, the present study demonstrated that in fish fed LO for 10 weeks, growth was reduced but DHA levels in tissues were largely maintained compared to fish fed FO, suggesting a physiologically relevant rate of endogenous LC‐PUFA biosynthesis capacity.     

Compositional changes in the hydrophobic acids fraction of drainage water from different land management practices

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can play a key role in many environmental processes, including carbon cycling, nutrient transport and the fates of contaminants and of agrochemicals. Hydrophobic acids (Ho), the major components of the DOM, were recovered from the drainage waters from well-drained (WDS) and poorly-drained (PDS) Irish grassland soils in lysimeters, amended with N fertiliser (F) and with bovine urine (U) and were studied using 1D and 2D solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The Diffusion Edited (DE) ¹H NMR spectra indicated that the Ho consisted largely of larger molecules, or of molecules that formed rigid aggregates, and the 1D and the 2D (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence - HMQC, the Total Correlation Spectroscopy - TOCSY, and the Nuclear Overhauser Effect - NOESY) spectra indicated that the samples were composed of lignin residues, carbohydrates, protein/peptides, and aliphatic components derived from plant waxes/cuticular materials and from microbial lipids. The F amendments increased the concentrations of Ho in the waters by 1.5 and 2.5 times those in the controls in the cases of WDS and PDS, respectively. The lignin-derived components were increased by 50% and 300% in the cases of the Ho from the WDS and PDS, respectively. Applications of F + U decreased the losses of Ho, (compared to the F amendments alone) and very significantly decreased those of the lignin-derived materials, indicating that enhanced microbial activity from U gave rise to enhanced metabolism of the Ho components, and especially of lignin. In contrast the less biodegradable aliphatic components containing cuticular materials increased as the result of applications of F + U. This study helps our understanding of how management practices influence the movement of C between terrestrial and aquatic environments.     

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Fertilized and Grazed Grassland in the South East of Ireland

Agriculture currently accounts for 28% of national greenhouse gas emissions in Ireland. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils account for 38% of this total. A 2-year study was conducted, using the chamber technique on a fertilized and grazed grassland to quantify the effect of fertilizer application rate, soil and meteorological variables on N₂O emissions. Three N fertilizer regimes (0, 225 & 390 kg N ha⁻¹) were imposed with three replicates of each treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as urea (46% N) in spring with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN-26% N) applied in the summer (June–September). Rotational grazing was practiced using steers. Nitrous oxide emissions arising from the unfertilized plots (0 N) were consistently low. Emissions from the N-fertilized plots (225 & 390 kg N ha⁻¹) were concentrated in relatively short periods (1–2 weeks) following fertilizer applications and grazing, with marked differences between treatments, relative patterns and magnitudes of emissions at different times of the year and between years. Variation in N₂O emissions throughout both years was pronounced with mean coefficients of variation of 116% in year 1 and 101% in year 2. The study encompassed two climatologically contrasting years. As a result the N₂O–N loss, as a percent of the N applied in the cooler and wetter 2002 (0.2–2.0%), were similar to those used for N-fertilized grasslands under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) N₂O emission inventory calculation methodology (1.25% ± 1). In contrast, the percentage losses in the warmer and drier 2003 (3.5–7.2%) were substantially higher.     

松嫩平原西部不同土地利用方式盐渍化效应研究

在2003年6月~10月选择农田、草地和碱斑地作为典型的土地利用方式,对0~120 cm土层水盐时空动态进行了对比分析,结果发现:农田和草地土壤剖面含水量都有“上升—下降—上升”的趋势,但是在8月中旬之前农田含水量高于草地,而碱斑地含水量的变化呈“U”型。三种土地利用方式土壤剖面含盐量的变化趋势与含水量相反;土壤剖面6月7日含盐量最大,10月17日最小;农田和碱斑地土壤剖面各层含盐量在8月8日开始上升,而草地在7月7日已开始上升;从垂直剖面看,农田各个时刻土壤含盐量都随剖面深度的增加而上升,碱斑地则随着剖面深度的增加而下降,草地在各个时刻土壤剖面含盐量均呈先上升后下降型,在土壤剖面有峰存在。采样期内,草地有良好的蓄水作用,而农田土壤剖面含盐量下降幅度最大,水分、盐分在土壤剖面运移剧烈。     

内蒙古草原地区蒙古族牧民传统住居研究

通过草原地区实地调研,运用住居学的方法分析该地区传统住居形成的原因,研究生产与住居、地域环境与住居的关系,生活与居住空间的内部秩序,住居形式的变化等问题,探索传统住居观在现代牧民生活中的意义。