工程运行期的文化遗产保护与利用研究——三峡工程博物馆策划

三峡工程进入运行期,众多机械设备面临着闲置和废弃的问题,场地特征即将消失。基于工业遗产保护与利用的趋势与先进经验,梳理和调查了三峡管理区的工业遗存,结合泛博物馆设计理念,提出了三峡工程博物馆的策划方案,为工程运行阶段的水利工程文化建设提供借鉴。     

百米级硬填料坝结构安全度分析

硬填料坝(Hardfill坝)是一种新坝型,Oyuk坝是世界上仅有的两座高度超过100 m的硬填料坝之一。对该坝在正常运行工况以及地震工况下的大坝工作性态进行了弹塑性有限元分析,并运用水荷载与地震荷载超载法探讨了Oyuk坝在静动条件下的破坏模式与安全度。研究结果表明,在正常运行工况以及OBE地震工况中,Oyuk坝全断面受压,坝体强度安全系数与抗滑稳定系数均较高,坝体基本处于弹性工作状态。由于该坝在坝底、坝踵设置混凝土分区、并在坝趾区采用了高强度硬填料等措施,在水荷载及地震超载分析中具有很高超载安全度。     

沐若水电站大坝碾压混凝土石粉掺和料应用研究

沐若水电站大坝为全断面碾压混凝土重力坝,因当地人工砂的细度模数小,石粉含量高,为降低工程造价,合理利用资源,减少对环境的污染,对石粉作为掺和料进行了一系列现场试验研究。结果表明,只要采用合适的加工工艺控制人工砂的石粉含量在27%以下,以内含的方式按砂质量3%~4%的石粉作为掺和料配制碾压混凝土,就完全可以满足设计对碾压混凝土各项性能指标的要求。此项成果已成功应用于工程实际,取得了较好的效果。     

碾压砼施工技术在高摩赞大坝中的应用

本文阐述了碾压砼筑坝施工技术的概念,及国内外碾压砼坝的发展情况,详细介绍了高摩赞大坝砼运输及入仓方式、碾压砼分仓、碾压砼大坝施工方法和碾压砼施工注意事项,通过高摩赞碾压砼大坝施工分析,体现出了碾压砼施工在降低成本、机械化程度高等方面的优点,得出了值得广泛推广和应用的结论．     

Lifetime evaluation of concrete structures under sustained post-peak loading

Experimental tests on crack propagation in concrete under constant post-peak loading are simulated using the finite element method and the cohesive crack model, in both Mode I and Mixed-mode conditions. The time-dependent behaviour of concrete in the process zone is due to the interaction and growth of microcracks, a phenomenon which, for high constant load levels, turns out to be predominant over linear viscoelastic creep in the bulk material. In mechanical systems based on this type of material behaviour (creep and strain-softening taking place simultaneously), the initial value problem is non-parabolic, i.e., the error at one time level is affected by the accumulation of errors introduced at earlier time levels. Despite these difficulties, the scatter in numerical failure lifetime vs. load level turns out to be negligible in Mode I conditions and practically acceptable in Mixed-mode conditions. Therefore the time-dependent behaviour of the process zone can be inferred solely from the results of direct tensile tests.     

横山土石坝扩建的构造和应力变形分析

本文对１９９５年１２月已竣工验收鉴定的横山扩建坝的构造、主要特点和评价作了概要介绍。重点说明了扩建成混凝土面板堆石坝的设计要点和理论方法、老坝心墙拱效应、深混凝土防渗墙的应力状况。结合原型内部观测成果，作了对比分析研究。     

Numerical Solution of Boussinesq Equations to Simulate Dam-Break Flows

To investigate the effect of nonhydrostatic pressure distribution, dam-break flows are simulated by numerically solving the one-dimensional Boussinesq equations by using a fourth-order explicit finite-difference scheme. The computed water surface profiles for different depth ratios have undulations near the bore front for depth ratios greater than 0.4. The results obtained by using the Saint Venant equations and the Boussinesq equations are compared to determine the contribution of individual Boussinesq terms in the simulation of dam-break flow. It is found that, for typical engineering applications, the Saint Venant equations give sufficiently accurate results for the maximum flow depth and the time to reach this value at a location downstream of the dam.     

Replacement of Pontesei Bridge, Italy

Pontesei Dam is a major concrete dam built after World War II across the canyon of Maè Creek (Valle di Zoldo) in the Italian Eastern Alps. Just upstream from the dam, a gully discharges water from steep mountains. The only road serving the dam and the entire valley upstream of the dam runs along the mountainside and crosses the gully. In 1959, an exceptionally rainy season caused a flood, which destroyed the bridge. A temporary Bailey bridge was subsequently built by the army, but in 1990 it was decided to design a new bridge. The main challenges posed to the designer included building the new deck and the abutments underneath the Bailey bridge without disrupting traffic, hoisting the deck just to the bottom of the Bailey bridge, and finally substituting the new deck for the Bailey bridge in one day. Other problems included the instability of the rock mass at the abutments and the gravitative convergence of the two sides of the gully. This paper describes the design, construction, and testing of the bridge replacement and the bridge abutments.     

A real-time probabilistic channel flood-forecasting model based on the Bayesian particle filter approach

Reliable real-time probabilistic flood forecasting is critical for effective water management and flood protection all over the world. In this study, we develop a real-time probabilistic channel flood-forecasting model by combining a channel hydraulic model with the Bayesian particle filter approach. The new model is tested in the upstream river reach of Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on the Yangtze River, China. Stage observations at seven hydrological stations are used simultaneously to adjust the Manning's roughness coefficients and to update discharges and stages along the river reach to attain reliable probabilistic flood forecasting. The synthetic experiments are applied to demonstrate the new model's correction and forecasting performances. The real-world experiments show that the new model can make accurate flood forecasting as well as derive reliable intervals for different confidence levels. The new probabilistic flood forecasting model not only outperforms the existing deterministic channel flood-forecasting models in accuracy, but also provides a more robust tool with which to incorporate uncertainty into flood-control efforts.     

Dam foundation excavation techniques in China:A review

A protective layer(PL) is commonly reserved above foundation surface to protect the underlying rock mass during dam foundation excavation. In China, the PL of dam foundation is conventionally subdivided into two or three thin layers and excavated with the shallow-hole blasting method, even by pneumatic pick method in case of soft rock mass. The aforementioned layered excavation of the PL delays the construction of the whole project. After nearly 30-year practices, several safe and effcient methods for the PL excavation of dam foundation are gradually developed. They include shallow-hole bench blasting with cushion material(SBC) at the bottom of the hole, and horizontal smooth blasting(HSB). The PL is even cancelled on the condition that horizontal pre-split technique is employed during dam foundation excavation. This paper introduces the aforementioned two PL excavation methods(shallow-hole blasting and bench blasting) and horizontal pre-split technique of dam foundation without protective layer(HPP). The basic principles of blasting method, blasting geometry, charge structure, drill-and-blast parameters of typical projects are examined. Meanwhile, the merits and limitations of each method are compared. Engineering practices in China show that HSB is basically the optimal method for dam foundation PL excavation in terms of foundation damage control and rapid construction. Some new problems for dam foundation PL excavation arising, such as strong unloading and relaxation phenomenon that encountered in the gorge region of southwest China, are needed to be addressed; and the corresponding countermeasures are discussed as well.