太湖流域西部地区面源污染特征及其控制技术

针对太湖流域西部地区源污染的主要来源,依据由单元田间试验和小流域出口营养盐输出监测值与流域土地利用结构关系推算获得输出系数,计算了种植业典型土地利用类型的COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的排放量,结合其他种类面源排放量,指出太湖流域西部地区农业面源污染呈现出农村生活污水和种植业污染为主的排放特征。提出了面源污染适宜推广的处理模式,梳理不同种类面源污染处理存在的主要问题并相应提出面源污染控制建议,为太湖流域面源控制提供参考。     

流域一、二级水生态分区技术及在辽河流域的应用

基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应指标分析框架,提出水生态一、二级分区所适用的指标类别,在环境要素与水生态系统因子相关性分析和环境要素空间变异尺度分析基础上,建立了流域水生态一、二级分区指标体系。采用"自上而下"和"自下而上"相结合的分区方法,在辽河流域进行了水生态一、二级分区应用研究,将辽河流域划分为4个水生态一级分区和8个二级分区,并对各个水生态分区的特征进行了总结。辽河流域分区应用表明,水生态分区过程中仍然存在较大的主观因素,尤其是水生态二级分区边界的确定。     

Comparing lazy and eager learning models for water level forecasting in river-reservoir basins of inundation regions

This study developed a methodology for formulating water level models to forecast river stages during typhoons, comparing various models by using lazy and eager learning approaches. Two lazy learning models were introduced: the locally weighted regression (LWR) and the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) models. Their efficacy was compared with that of three eager learning models, namely, the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and linear regression (REG). These models were employed to analyze the Tanshui River Basin in Taiwan. The data collected comprised 50 historical typhoon events and relevant hourly hydrological data from the river basin during 1996–2007. The forecasting horizon ranged from 1 h to 4 h. Various statistical measures were calculated, including the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, and root mean square error. Moreover, significance, computation efficiency, and Akaike information criterion were evaluated. The results indicated that (a) among the eager learning models, ANN and SVR yielded more favorable results than REG (based on statistical analyses and significance tests). Although ANN, SVR, and REG were categorized as eager learning models, their predictive abilities varied according to various global learning optimizers. (b) Regarding the lazy learning models, LWR performed more favorably than kNN. Although LWR and kNN were categorized as lazy learning models, their predictive abilities were based on diverse local learning optimizers. (c) A comparison of eager and lazy learning models indicated that neither were effective or yielded favorable results, because the distinct approximators of models that can be categorized as either eager or lazy learning models caused the performance to be dependent on individual models.     

桃汛试验对万家寨水库冲淤影响分析

通过对桃汛试验前后两个时段对比分析,认为桃汛试验没有增加万家寨库区淤积;库区淤积形态有所调整,淤积三角洲向坝前推进,库尾段平均河底高程没有抬升.     

Bed morphology, flow structure, and sediment transport at the outlet of Lake Huron and in the upper St. Clair River

An integrated multibeam echo sounder and acoustic Doppler current profiler field survey was conducted in July 2008 to investigate the morphodynamics of the St. Clair River at the outlet of Lake Huron. The principal morphological features of the upper St. Clair River included flow-transverse bedforms that appear weakly mobile, erosive bedforms in cohesive muds, thin non-cohesive veneers of weakly mobile sediment that cover an underlying cohesive (till or glacio-lacustrine) surface, and vegetation that covers the bed. The flow was characterized by acceleration as the banks constrict from Lake Huron into the St. Clair River, an approximately 1500-m long region of flow separation downstream from the Blue Water Bridge, and secondary flow connected to: i) channel curvature; ii) forcing of the flow by local bed topography, and iii) flow wakes in the lee side of ship wrecks. Nearshore, sand-sized, sediment from Lake Huron was capable of being transported into, and principally along, the banks of the upper St. Clair River by the measured flow. A comparison of bathymetric surveys conducted in 2007 and 2008 identifies that the gravel bed does undergo slow downstream movement, but that this movement does not appear to be generated by the mean flow, and could possibly be caused by ship-propeller-induced turbulence. The study results suggest that the measured mean flow and dredging within the channel have not produced major scour of the upper St. Clair River and that the recent fall in the level of Lake Huron is unlikely to have been caused by these mechanisms.     

Quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors of metal contamination: A case study in the upper St. Lawrence River

In this study, the utility of quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors was investigated by measuring total concentrations of three trace metals, cadmium, copper, and zinc, in soft tissues. Quagga mussels were sampled from five sites along the upper St. Lawrence River, including one industrially influenced site, from 1999 through 2007. Mussels were collected from near-shore areas, divided into 5 size classes based on maximum shell length, and tissues were pooled for analysis of each size group. Two-way analysis of variance and a posteriori range tests were used to test for differences among sites along a distance gradient from the outflow of Lake Ontario and to examine inter-annual variability within and among sites. Cadmium concentrations were higher nearer the outflow of the lake. Copper concentrations varied among sites and years, but were generally highest near the industrial site. Zinc concentrations were relatively uniform, possibly reflecting internal regulation. Animal size measured as shell length was not an important factor in this section of the river, but warrants further consideration in a wider range of ecosystems and contaminant exposure levels. In general, concentrations of the three metals were not high compared to reports in the published literature for dreissenid mussels in contaminated environments. However, few studies have utilized quagga mussels rather than zebra mussels. The two species may differ in bioaccumulation patterns and may not be interchangeable as biomonitors. Further studies of bioaccumulation of contaminants by quagga mussels in a wider range of contaminant exposures would be useful particularly as quagga mussels displace zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.     

基于梯形模糊数的不确定性河道生态需水模型及其应用

将模糊数引入河道生态需水估算方法中,建立了模糊生态流速和模糊生态水力半径的概念。以抛物线型过水断面河道为例,在扩展原理的基础上,建立了流量与模糊生态流速、模糊生态水力半径的函数关系,提出了基于梯形模糊数的不确定性河道生态需水模型,设计了算法流程。以杜柯河壤塘站为例进行研究,计算并给出了其不确定性河道生态需水量的结果。最后利用Tennant法对所建模型的实用性进行了验证,并对计算结果的表达形式进行了分析。结果表明本文方法得到的结果更合理,效果更好。     

淮河流域水质污染时空变异特征分析

选取淮河流域的82个水质监测站,对各站点的1986—2005年水质监测数据进行统计分析,探讨了全流域内水体污染物浓度变化的时空变异特征,为淮河流域水污染治理、水环境保护以及生态修复提供依据。采用时间序列法分析水体污染物浓度的时间变化规律,应用Mann-Kendall检验法对流域范围内水体污染物浓度变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明,淮河流域水质变化主要受到入河排污量、上游来水量、闸坝调控方式以及气候条件等方面因素的影响。蚌埠站的水体污染物浓度多年变化规律表明,1995年是水体污染物浓度变化的转折点,1995年前水体污染物浓度不断恶化,1995年后水体污染物浓度逐渐好转。DO浓度的年内变化主要受到水温的影响,表现为冬季浓度高于夏季浓度;CODMn浓度同时受到闸坝调控方式以及区域来水量的影响,汛期浓度低于非汛期。从全流域的水体污染物浓度变化规律看,有机污染物浓度呈显著上升趋势的河段主要分布在淮北支流上,说明在20世纪90年代后期,虽然流域进入相对丰水期以及进行了大规模的水污染联防工作,淮河流域水质污染得到了一定程度的改善。但在2000年后,随着流域内入河污水量和污染物排放量的增加,淮河流域的水质污染依然严重。     

四川盆地含膏盐红层特征及坝基工程地质问题(Ⅱ)

本文探讨了四川盆地含膏盐红层类岩溶作用引起的坝基工程地质问题,首先是地下水化学成分的改变及其对水工结构混凝土的腐蚀作用及坝基渗漏问题,然后确定了表征类岩溶作用强度的类岩溶强度因子(k).最后,通过类岩溶岩体Vp与主要岩体工程力学指标,诸如:允许承载力fak、抗剪(断)摩擦系数f(f')、变形模量(E0)的回归关系,探讨了类岩溶作用对坝基岩体弱化的作用.     

曹娥江大闸结构耐久性设计

本文通过曹娥江大闸耐久性设计介绍,探讨有关措施对提高结构耐久性的作用,为了达到设计寿命100年的目标,主要采取了结构合理分缝、适当加大保护层厚度、高性能混凝土、预应力钢绞线、环氧涂层钢筋、施工期混凝土裂缝控制、水位变动区大块石护砌等措施.