面向金泽水库取水安全的太浦河多目标联合调度研究

为强化上海市黄浦江供水系统的重要组成部分金泽水源地取水安全,又兼顾太湖流域及太浦河沿线区域防洪、供水需求,开展了太浦河太浦闸与沿线88个闸控口门的多目标联合调度研究。在分析太浦闸及两岸河道现有调度方式的基础上,拟定了两类共10个联合调度方案。采用细化后的太湖流域水量水质模型,对各调度方案进行了模拟。然后,构建了反映防洪、供水、水环境需求的多目标函数,采用蚁群优选算法对所有调度方案进行了优选。结果表明:与现状调度方案相比,太浦闸同时根据太湖水位和金泽断面水质情况加大下泄流量,同时太浦河沿线河道闸门有序控制,可显著提高金泽水源地关键水质指标达标率、抬升金泽水源地最低水位,又基本不影响流域及区域其他调度需求。     

灞河流域气候因子对水沙变化的影响

利用灞河流域蓝田气象站和马渡王水文站1960—2012年的气象、水文实测资料,分析灞河流域气候及水沙变化规律,同时运用相关性分析、灰色关联分析、多元线性回归模型等多种方法探讨了该流域水沙变化与气候变化的关系。结果表明:灞河流域降雨量、蒸发量、径流量和输沙量皆呈显著下降趋势,而气温呈上升趋势;降雨量与水沙都有重要的相关关系,1960—1990年影响径流量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,而1991—2012年则为降雨量、蒸发量、气温,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,两阶段的年径流量分别增加0.14亿m3和0.08亿m3;1960—2012年影响输沙量的气候因子敏感度由大至小依次为降雨量、气温、蒸发量,当气温和蒸发量不变时,降雨量每增加1 mm,年输沙量增加0.668万t。     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

基于SVM模型的妫水河叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演

以北京市妫水河为研究区,基于2011年9月25日和2012年9月30日的两期叶绿素a浓度实测数据和准同步的环境一号卫星(HJ-1A)多光谱数据,分别构建一元线性和多元支持向量机模型(SVMM),通过决定系数R²和平均相对误差对模型的精度进行检验,用模型进行水体叶绿素a浓度的反演,并分析其时空分布特征。研究表明:在样本数较少的情况下,SVM具有很强的非线性映射能力,能够取得较好的预测结果,更适用于反演叶绿素a浓度。时间分布上,研究区叶绿素a浓度呈增加趋势,均值上升了6.86 μg/L;空间分布上,深水区叶绿素a浓度值低于浅水区,上游高于下游。国产HJ-1A CCD2多光谱数据以其4 d的时间分辨率,在水质动态变化监测方面具有优势。     

渭河油污染经济损失估算

为了估算中国石油天然气集团公司2009年在陕西渭南发生柴油泄漏事件对河南省沿黄各地所造成的直接经济损失,提出了因油污染而引起的经济损失计算方法.利用该算法评估柴油泄漏对河南省的自来水水源、工业、发电、渔业、物资和人力方面所造成的影响,估算得出河南省的直接经济损失至少2 918.6万元.提出的估算方法可为类似河流污染事件的经济损失评估提供参考.     

幸福河倒虹吸基坑降水方法

根据倒虹吸基坑降水实际效果,总结了不同地质情况下的基坑降水方法.比较了截渗墙与管井降水方案,考虑施工要求及降水方案造价,选择管井降水方案.降压采用压力平衡法计算,抽水量采用流量法计算.     

小江调水调蓄水库方案研究

小江调水是引江济渭入黄方案中的重要方案之一.小江调水方案是从三峡库区支流小江取水,水源丰富,调水量保证率高,Ⅰ期调水40亿m3,引水流量300 m3/s.在综合分析各种调蓄水库的可能性后,推荐采用沣河平原水库方案来调蓄小江来水,并对该方案的作用和效果进行了分析.结果表明:该方案冲淤效果得到改善,减淤量在平水系列比无水库时提高19.6%,在枯水系列提高32.4%.     

Spatial distribution and environmental characterization of sediment-associated metals from middle-downstream of Xiangjiang River, southern China

The contamination and environmental risk assessment of the toxic elements in sediments from the middle-downstream (Zhuzhou—Changsha section) of the Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province of China were studied. The results show that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are major contaminants in sediments, and average concentrations of these elements significantly exceed both the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge of China (GB4284-84) for agricultural use in acidic soils and the effect range median (ERM) values. The average concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the river water slightly exceed the limit of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838—2002). The concentrations of As and Cr in depth profiles extensively change, but slight changes are observed in Pb and Zn. Cd and Zn in most sediment samples can easily enter the food-chain and bring possible ecotoxicological risk to organisms living in sediments according to the risk assessment code.     

鄂东南沿江湖区“灌江纳苗”的认知度调查

本文对拟开展＂灌江纳苗＂工作的目标湖区进行实地调查和深度访谈,调查了大冶湖、网湖、海口湖、朱婆湖四个不同通江湖泊受访人群对＂灌江纳苗＂的知晓率和支持率,并采用问卷调查的方式研究了四个目标湖泊养殖鱼类年产量的变化情况以及四湖受访人群对养殖鱼类品种了解程度。结果显示,在目标湖区开展灌江纳苗工作有一定的群众基础,但也存在一定的工作难度;目标湖区的经济鱼类品种在减少,实施灌江纳苗工作已迫在眉睫。     

Characteristics of late cretaceous faults of the eastern segment of the northern Qaidam basin, NW China

The Late Cretaceous tectonic upheaval was an important event during the evolution of the Qaidam Basin, resulting in the omission of the Upper Cretaceous in the whole basin and unconformities between the Paleogene sequence and pre-K2 strata. Inte-grating geological and geophysical data, two different groups of Late Cretaceous faults were recognized in the study area, one group consisting of E-W extending strike-slip faults (e.g., the Maxian and Yema-Jinan faults in the Mahai area, which caused an E-W omission zone of Mesozoic), while the other one has NW-SE thrust faults, resulting in NW-SE fold-and-thrust belts. Consid-ering the different strikes and scale of these two groups, a simple-shear model has been employed to explain this structural phe-nomenon. The NW-SE thrust faults were thought to be subsidiary to the E-W strike-slip faults. Putting this into the framework of the Cretaceous paleogeographic environment of central Asia, it is inferred that this tectonic event of the Qaidam Basin is a response to the continuous northward drifting of the India plate.