Use of Stable Isotopes to Trace Municipal Wastewater Effluents into Food Webs within a Highly Developed River System

Many anthropogenic inputs, such as municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs), affect stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) at the base of exposed food webs creating spatial patterns reflecting their incorporation into aquatic food webs. The Grand River in southern Ontario, Canada, is a heavily modified, rapidly urbanizing river that assimilates wastewater from 30 municipal wastewater treatment plants. Stable isotope analysis was applied to resident aquatic invertebrates and fish influenced by three different wastewater outfalls in early, middle, and late summer to determine how values shifted seasonally and with differing effluent quality. There was a slight increase in δ¹³C in both invertebrates and fish in late summer downstream from the three outfalls, but it is difficult to separate effects of the effluents from downstream gradients. Downstream of two of the three outfalls, the δ¹⁵N tended to increase relative to upstream, while the remaining effluent, of the poorest quality, decreased δ¹⁵N values of both invertebrates and fish. Spatial trends in stable isotopes became more pronounced as the summer progressed with the greatest between‐site differences occurring in late summer. This study reflects the complex nutrient dynamics associated with MWWE inputs to rivers and contributes to our understanding and application of stable isotope analysis in impacted lotic ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天津滨海新区全新世沉积特征和沉积过程

从地貌、沉积和年代等方面分析了天津滨海新区的形成演变过程。研究区中部和南部主要为不同时期的古黄河三角洲,每期古黄河三角洲发育时均形成前三角洲、三角洲前缘和潮间带等沉积层序,三角洲的不同部位分别形成河控三角洲和潮控三角洲,三角洲废弃后,形成三角洲平原—贝壳堤—滨海沙坝的地貌体系。研究区北部的沉积层序和地貌特征反映了少泥沙河流在海洋动力逐渐减弱条件下的河海相互作用过程。     

渭河平原地下水质演化规律及评价研究

在分析渭河平原地质和水文地质条件的基础上,利用近20年地下水质监测数据,探讨了地下水水质随时间的变化规律并进行了地下水质综合评价,对其主要影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:渭河平原区域地下水质量总体尚好,秦岭山前和渭河上游局部地区水质综合评价为优良等级,渭北黄土塬部分地区及渭河下游卤泊滩地区水质综合评价为较差或极差等级;不同地区超标物质各有不同,主要超标项归纳总硬度、硫酸盐、氯化物、三氮、氟化物等;主要城市集中开采区地下水质受开采量影响较大,水位埋深与硫酸根、硝酸根、总硬度等污染物质含量高度正相关。地下水水质变化的主要影响因素为人工开采、天然背景值、局部污染、大气降水等。研究结果对渭河平原地下水水质保护及其合理开发利用有重要的意义。     

基于CMIP5多模式集合和PDSI的黄河源区干旱时空特征分析

针对黄河源区干旱情势逐年加剧的问题,采用CMIP5模型两种排放情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下的8个模型的统计降尺度结果,运用最优赋权的多模式集合技术进行多模式集合优化,构建两种排放情景(RCP4.5、RCP8.5)的降水和气温数据集。在此基础上,构建黄河源区的VIC模型,结合帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI),分析黄河源区干旱的时空特征与变化趋势。结果表明,该流域在基准期(1961—1990年)的PDSI变化较为平稳,表现出微弱的增加趋势,未来时期(2021—2050年)PDSI则显著增加。在1961—1990年,黄河源区大多数地区干旱发生的频次在10次左右,平均干旱历时在4～10个月,平均烈度为6～24。在未来时期两种情景下,干旱的平均历时和平均烈度相较于基准期有所减少,且RCP8.5情景下的变幅明显高于RCP4.5。     

洛河径流典型解集模型研究

洛河是黄河的一条重要支流。本文采用洛河氵状头水文站1965~2003年共计39年的实测径流资料,依据线性平稳随机模型的理论建立了一阶自回归模型;运用季节性随机模型的理论方法建立洛河氵状头站月径流量典型解集模型。经实用性检验,模拟序列与实测序列各项估计参数吻合良好,符合精度要求。该模型可为洛惠渠灌区进行河源来水量预报和用水管理提供决策依据。     

保证通榆河南段水质达标的区域尾水出路研究

在调查通榆河南段控制单元水质及区域污染源的基础上,概化影响通榆河南段控制单元水质的污染源,建立研究区域水质数学模型,并根据设计水文条件和边界水质,分析概化排污口对控制断面水质影响权重,初步构建区域尾水出路工程布局方案,并计算控制断面水质改善效果,为区域尾水出路寻找依据。结果表明,区域尾水出路方案实施后,古贲大桥、草堰大桥控制断面COD、NH3-N、TP的质量浓度分别为17.45 mg/L、0.99 mg/L、0.2 mg/L,12.87 mg/L、0.89 mg/L、0.14mg/L,其中古贲大桥控制断面NH3-N改善效果最为明显,改善率为41%,通榆河南段水质可以满足地表水水(环境)功能区划III类标准。     

浅析章水流域“7.3”特大洪灾

通过对江西省章水流域大余县＂7.3＂特大洪灾抗洪救灾工作进行全面总结和深入分析,对今后的防汛抗洪工作提出思路和建议.     

基于污染迁移转化过程的海河下游污染关键区及污染类别分析

本文针对海河流域严重的水环境问题,利用1995-2004年系列数据构建SWAT模型水质模块,率定期和验证期的纳什系数分别为0.70和0.55。依据构建的模型进行污染负荷的时空变化规律分析和关键源区识别,同时计算各类型污染对研究区域和关键源区的贡献率。结果显示：污染负荷与径流量的变化具有很好的一致性;负荷关键源区分布为市区西南部和东北部、西青东部、东丽东部、津南和塘沽北部;城镇径流非点源污染负荷对海河流域的贡献率是最高的,达38.6%;其次是点源污染,达31.1%;关键源区中,市区和西青关键源区的关键负荷类型为城镇非点源,贡献率为90.67%;东丽和塘沽关键源区的主要负荷来源是点源,所占的比重为87.91%;东丽和津南关键源区中贡献率最高的为农村生活非点源,占61.29%。     

近 50 年潮河流域降雨-径流关系演变及驱动力分析

潮河流域是北京市城市供水的重要水源地。受环境变化影响,潮河流域降雨-径流关系发生了显著性变化,严重影响到北京城市供水安全。利用水文气象长系列数据(1961-2014年)分析了潮河流域降雨-径流关系的变化,采用经验统计分析法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对其径流变化的影响,研究发现:近50年来在降雨波动且微弱下降趋势下,其径流呈现出较大幅度变化且具有显著下降趋势,尤其是2000年以后;潮河流域降雨-径流关系发生突变的年份为1979年、1998年。1979年以后径流系数显著减少,其中1979-1998年人类活动对径流减少占主导地位,其影响贡献率为-109.75%,气候变化对径流影响为正效应,影响贡献率为9.75%;1999-2014年人类活动对径流减少影响贡献率为-88.97%,气候变化影响贡献率为-11.03%。     

The Yellow River Basin: Water Accounting,Water Accounts,and Current Issues

Abstract

There is increasing recognition of the problems facing China in meeting the growing water demand in the Yellow River basin, the “cradle of Chinese Civilization” and a critically important agricultural and industrial region. Meaningful debate on the range and relative costs of options available to policy-makers in addressing the problem depend fundamentally on an accurate understanding of basin water resources. Unfortunately, the ability of outsiders to participate in the de bate and for Chinese, with their long history of water management, to contribute to similar discussions elsewhere in the world is hindered to some extent by a lack of understanding of differences in water accounting systems and concepts. This paper attempts to address this problem by describing the water accounting system used in the Yellow River basin and elsewhere in China. The paper shows that the primary difference between water accounting methodologies in the Yellow River and those typically applied elsewhere is related to supply accounting in general and groundwater accounting in particular. Although not currently included in its water accounting system, Chinese concepts of environmental water use, when included, will also differ substantially from those familiar to outside researchers. In terms of actual Yellow River balances, the paper highlights the apparent declining trend in basin rainfall and runoff and the dramatic growth in industrial and domestic water use. Together declining supply and rising demand will increasingly cause policy-makers to face hard choices in assessing their water planning options. These choices will only become more difficult as managers in the Yellow River, as elsewhere in the world, try to incorporate ecological needs in the water accounting equation.