ESTIMATION OF JUVENILE SALMON HABITAT IN PACIFIC RIM RIVERS USING MULTISCALAR REMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS

We conducted a regional classification and analysis of riverine floodplain physical features that represent key attributes of salmon rearing habitats. Riverine habitat classifications, including floodplain area and river channel complexity, were derived at moderate (30 m) spatial resolution using multispectral Landsat imagery and global terrain data (90 m) encompassing over 3 400 000 km² and most North Pacific Rim (NPR) salmon rivers. Similar classifications were derived using finer scale (i.e. ≤ 2.4‐m resolution) remote sensing data over a smaller set of 31 regionally representative flood plains. A suite of physical habitat metrics (e.g. channel sinuosity, nodes, floodplain width) were derived from each dataset and used to assess the congruence between similar habitat features at the different spatial scales and to evaluate the utility of moderate scale geospatial data for determining abundance of selected juvenile salmon habitats relative to fine scale remote sensing measurements. The resulting habitat metrics corresponded favorably (p < 0.0001) between the moderate scale and the fine scale floodplain classifications; a subset of these metrics (channel nodes and maximum floodplain width) also were strong indicators (R² > 0.5, p < 0.0001) of floodplain habitats defined from the finer scale analysis. These relationships were used to estimate the abundance and distribution of three critical shallow water floodplain habitats for juvenile salmon (parafluvial and orthofluvial springs, and shallow shore) across the entire NPR domain. The resulting database provides a potential tool to evaluate and prioritize salmon conservation efforts both within individual river systems and across major catchments on the basis of physical habitat distribution and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-level backcalculation algorithm for robust determination of pavement layers parameters

The backcalculation procedure applied to a mechanical characterization of the road pavement is usually limited to an identification of the elastic modulus of each layer only. The remaining parameters of the model are usually set as known, while performing an inverse analysis. Among assumed parameters are thicknesses of the model layers and frequently considered as constants on a homogeneous section of the road. This is an obvious simplification, because sections in general are inhomogeneous, i.e. the thickness of each layer changes slightly along each road section. Thus the precise and possibly nondestructive estimation of the layers thicknesses is very important and crucial in the inverse procedure. Here, a hybrid form of the optimization algorithm, where the condition of a constant thickness does not need to be fulfilled is described. Further on, the objective function is formed as a discrepancy between reference and computed deflection derivative instead of a deflection curve. In consequence, the values of backcalculated parameters are several per cent more precise compared to a standard procedure. Whenever the thickness of the asphalt layer of the pavement structure cannot be assumed a priori as a constant, the proposed here method appears to be necessary if one does not want to perform costly and destructive in situ drilling tests.     

Natural and human forcing in recent geomorphic change; case studies in the Rio de la Plata basin

An analysis of geomorphic system's response to change in human and natural drivers in some areas within the Río de la Plata basin is presented. The aim is to determine whether an acceleration of geomorphic processes has taken place in recent years and, if so, to what extent it is due to natural (climate) or human (land-use) drivers. Study areas of different size, socio-economic and geomorphic conditions have been selected: the Río de la Plata estuary and three sub-basins within its watershed. Sediment cores were extracted and dated (²¹⁰Pb) to determine sedimentation rates since the end of the 19th century. Rates were compared with time series on rainfall as well as human drivers such as population, GDP, livestock load, crop area, energy consumption or cement consumption, all of them related to human capacity to disturb land surface. Data on river discharge were also gathered. Results obtained indicate that sedimentation rates during the last century have remained essentially constant in a remote Andean basin, whereas they show important increases in the other two, particularly one located by the São Paulo metropolitan area. Rates in the estuary are somewhere in between. It appears that there is an intensification of denudation/sedimentation processes within the basin.Rainfall remained stable or varied very slightly during the period analysed and does not seem to explain increases of sedimentation rates observed. Human drivers, particularly those more directly related to capacity to disturb land surface (GDP, energy or cement consumption) show variations that suggest human forcing is a more likely explanation for the observed change in geomorphic processes. It appears that a marked increase in denudation, of a “technological” nature, is taking place in this basin and leading to an acceleration of sediment supply. This is coherent with similar increases observed in other regions.     

五大发展理念视角下的南流江流域综合管理研究

随着"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"五大发展理念的提出,广西壮族自治区在新时期对重要江河的流域管理方面有了新的要求。为了适应新的发展理念,以南流江流域为例,开展了流域综合管理方面的专项分析研究。研究发现,南流江流域存在着水文灾害多发、环境污染较严重、地下水超采、水土流失等一些自然问题以及法律法规不健全、流域管理机构单薄、规划不完善、忽视公众力量和缺乏新技术支撑等一些社会管理方面的问题,在这种背景下以前的流域管理模式显然已不再适用。因此,针对研究结果,基于五大发展理念,借鉴国外成功的经验并结合南流江流域的实际情况提出了一些相应的对策与建议,以提升流域的综合管理水平。     

浅谈潮州供水枢纽工程深厚软基河床截流应用技术

广东省潮州供水枢纽西溪截流集"深厚软基河床、水流条件复杂、大流量、高落差、大流速"于一体,综合截流难度在国内外比较罕见,西溪截流的成功,丰富了我国大江大河截流的理论与实践.工程在截流实践中为达到保砂、透水、护底、防冲目的而采取的护底结构,应用效果良好,值得在其他类似工程的截流实践中进一步推广.     

吐哈盆地致密砂岩气成藏条件与有利勘探领域分析

结合致密砂岩气藏特征及成藏条件,认为哈密四道沟低产含气区为典型的致密砂岩气藏发育区,有望通过新型大型压裂试油采出工艺技术攻关,获得稳定的工业气流,盘活哈密四道沟大型致密砂岩气藏。根据致密砂岩气勘探理论,认为吐哈盆地具备发育大型致密砂岩气藏的基本地质条件。分析认为吐哈盆地发育胜北、丘东、小草湖、哈密、托克逊五大成煤领域,气源岩条件优越,源储一体,紧密接触,致密砂岩气藏成藏条件好;巴喀水西沟群气藏的发现及大面积活跃的油气显示展示了吐哈盆地巨大的致密砂岩气勘探潜力。     

Using legitimacy dialogues to explore responses to flooding issues in a UK catchment

A growing awareness of the potential impacts of climate change has led to the consideration of a variety of future outcomes by water supply companies, regulators and local authorities within England and Wales. These strategies recognise the possibility of episodes of flooding within catchments, with the Environment Agency's fourth Periodic Review requiring water companies to explore future demand and supply scenarios up to 2030. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning how those tasked to implement water policy, and those subject to it, view these change scenarios. This paper outlines a study undertaken within the River Nene catchment, exploring how water resource governance bodies and water users respond to flooding issues. In particular, the research focuses on the twin concepts of legitimacy and dialogue as a means to assess the boundaries of stakeholder engagement with these strategic change scenarios.     

The Distribution Characteristics and Geological Significance of Inclusion Trace Elements in Silurian Oil-containing Sandstones in the Central Tarim Basin

Trace elements of fluid inclusion in 16 Silurian oil-containing sandstones from 10 wells in Tazhong area were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), the distribution characteristics were analyzed, and their demonstrative geological significance was deeply discussed. The results show that the abundance of trace element varied markedly in the same well field or different well fields, the distribution rule of the main trace elements is that the abundance is increasing as a whole from down structure location to structural high. Variation characteristics of single trace element are consistent with the trace element suite, which reflects Silurian hydrocarbons in Tazhong area migrated toward structural high or stratigraphic pinch-out direction, from northwest to southeast on the plane. Therefore, trace elements of fluid inclusion can provide effective evidence for studying oil and gas migratory direction.     

引黄工程土建国际I标安全监测工程实施经验

结合工作实践,就引黄工程土建国际I标安全监测实施经验进行了较为详细的论述,通过各方的努力,使监测项目顺利完成,并起到指导施工的作用,同时为今后类似工程安全监测打下坚实的基础。