3D Numerical Simulation for Water Flows and Sediment Deposition in Dam Areas of the Three Gorges Project

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model for suspended load transport in turbulent flows. Based on the stochastic theory of turbulent flow proposed by Dou, numerical schemes of Reynolds stresses for anisotropic turbulent flows are obtained. Instead of a logarithmic law, a specific wall function is used to describe the velocity profile close to wall boundaries. The equations for two-dimensional suspended load motion and sorting of bed material have been improved for a 3D case. Numerical results are in good agreement with the measured data of the Gezhouba Project. The present method has been employed to simulate sediment erosion and deposition in the vicinity of the Three Gorges Dam. The size distribution of the deposits and bed material, and flow and sediment concentration at different times and elevations, are predicted. The results agree well with the observations in physical experiments. Thus, a new method is established for 3D simulation of sediment motion in the vicinity of dams.     

A fugacity based continuous and dynamic fate and transport model for river networks and its application to Altamaha River

In this paper, a continuous and dynamic fugacity-based contaminant fate and transport model is developed. The dynamic interactions among all phases in the physical domain are addressed through the use of the fugacity approach instead of the use of concentration as the unknown variable. The full form of Saint Venant equations is used in order to solve for the hydrodynamic conditions in the river network. Then a fugacity-based advection-dispersion equation is modeled to examine the fate and transport of contaminants in the river network for all phases.The fugacity-based, dynamic and continuous contaminant fate and transport model developed here is applied to Altamaha River in Georgia, USA to demonstrate its use in environmental exposure analysis. Altamaha River is the largest river system east of Mississippi which offers habitat for many species, including about 100 rare endangered species, along its 140 mile course. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a highly hydrophobic and toxic chemical ubiquitous in nature, and atrazine, the most commonly-used agricultural pesticide are modeled as contaminants in this demonstration. Through this approach the concentration distribution of PCBs and atrazine in the water column of Altamaha River as well as the sediments can be obtained with relative ease, which is an improvement over concentration based analysis of phase distribution of contaminants.     

长江口水域砂矿资源及其合理开发利用

长江河口地区水下砂体发育形成了良好的砂矿资源,具有开发利用前景.分析砂矿资源的分布特点、沉积规律与物质组成,探讨合理利用的途径及其开发过程中须注意的环境地质问题.水域砂矿资源可为长江口岸带经济圈的基础建设与土地增殖提供重要物质来源.     

USGS Streamflow Data and Modeling Sand-Bed Rivers

United States Geological Survey streamflow data are commonly used for hydraulic model calibration and boundary conditions. The transitory nature of sand-bed rivers’ bathymetry is problematic for the traditional automated stream gauging methods used by the USGS. This note seeks to assess the limitations of streamflow measurements for use in hydraulic models. An overview of USGS rating-curve development and use is presented with a focus on the specific challenges of sand-bed rivers. Measurements from three consecutive USGS gauges for a storm event on the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, illustrate the outlined problems with rating curves. These gauges are utilized to study the impact of uncertainty in rating-curve discharges on hydraulic model results. A one dimensional hydraulic model of the study reach indicates up to 25% reduction in the calculated flow depth if questionable rating-curve discharges are used as model input. Recommendations for using USGS streamflow data in hydraulic models are outlined.     

Measurement of the flood discharge of a small-sized river using an existing digital video recording system

In this study, a closed-circuit television (CCTV) system, installed for surveillance purposes, is utilized to measure the flow rate during a flood. The procedure to determine both the angle and scale-factor of the camera is described. Then, image analysis techniques, namely the direct visual measurement method, Large-Scale PIV (LSPIV) and Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV), are applied to the video images recorded by the CCTV camera. The results of these methods and the conventional float measurement are compared. In addition, the accuracy of the respective methods is discussed. A set of low-quality video images of a flood during a thunderstorm that occurred under the dark ambient conditions (midnight) is analyzed using three image-based methods. The transition of the flow rate during the event is successfully estimated.     

Orthophosphate concentrations in the River Thames: reductions in the past decade

Ten years ago plans were made to reduce the phosphorus load from sewage-treatment works' effluents into the River Thames. This was driven by the EC Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive in relation to sensitive areas (eutrophic). Modelling work identified the most significant loads to tackle first. Phosphorus removal had been commissioned at 36 works by 2003. The orthophosphate load to the River Thames from these works has reduced from 5755 to 688 kg P/day. The impact of the improvement programme on the quality of the river was assessed by comparing pre- and post-investment data. Orthophosphate concentrations in the river have reduced from between about 0.5 and 2 mg P/L to 0.2 and 0.4 mg P/L. These observations match the model predictions. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the river have also reduced. This was unexpected given that the orthophosphate concentrations still exceed the values thought to be limiting for algal growth.     

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩层序界面类型划分及其意义

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩储层是增储上产的重要领域。然而按照经典模式划分的碳酸盐岩层序,在生产中与目标优选及开发方式结合并不紧密,进而影响了实际生产。因此,根据不同的层序界面成因(即构造、暴露剥蚀、成岩强度等),结合塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩野外露头、地震剖面、测井曲线和岩心资料等综合因素,把海相碳酸盐岩层序界面划分为5种类型:即Ⅰ型(晚期强烈隆起喀斯特型)、Ⅱ型(早期强制海退剥蚀微喀斯特型)、Ⅲ型(早期溶蚀-弱剥蚀台地边缘型)、Ⅳ型(准同生间歇暴露浅水礁滩型)和Ⅴ型(同生无暴露碳酸盐岩台地型)。虽然不同界面类型的成因和储层特征迥异,但是依据地震、测井、钻井、岩心等现场资料很容易划分。这套层序划分可操作性强,在有利区带选择、油气高效富集区优选、开发井井型选择等方面均有很现实的生产指导意义。     

金沙江下游沙质推移质输移规律分析研究

金沙江下游的推移质输移规律及其泥沙来量和级配对梯级水库的淤积分布以及河势将产生长远影响，需要开展深入研究。通过对金沙江下游入库控制站三堆子水文站2008，2009两年的推移质测验成果的分析，研究了该站沙质推移质的年内分布、横向分布、级配以及推移质输移与水位、流量、流速的关系。研究结果表明：三堆子河段全年都有沙质推移质的输移，推移量主要集中在汛期，尤以7～9月为甚；强推带为距起点距170～200 m的范围内。     

安徽省长江基本建设项目验收程序分析

介绍了长江基本建设项目验收程序和方法,分析了验收中的遗留问题.     

澜沧江流域电站卫星通信网络建设方案

根据澜沧江流域电站传输业务需求分析，提出澜沧江流域电站卫星通信网络建设方案。