Residential energy use and conservation in Sweden

We describe energy use in Swedish homes from 1963 to 1980 using data assembled and analyzed for the first time. Changes in energy use by fuel and purpose before and after the 1973 oil price shock are illustrated and discussed, and savings in space heating in the year 1980, compared with the pre-embargo period, are quantified. We discuss two important elements of Swedish energy conservation policy, the building codes and the system of grants and loans to homeowners. We conclude that the grants and loans probably accelerated home retrofit measures, while the building codes will play an important role in reducing residential heat losses over the long term.     

涌泉灌技术在陈庄果园的应用

过临猗县闫家庄镇陈庄果园试点,对用涌泉灌、滴灌及微喷灌三种微灌技术进行比较,结果表明涌泉灌具有抗堵塞能力强、投资少、管理方便、使用寿命长等优点,应予优先推广     

Total planning of combined district heating,cooling and power generation systems for a new town—Part II

The objective of this study is to introduce one of the main results of the project for studying energy conservation technologies in a new airport town, which is organized by the Osaka Science and Technology Center, Japan. First, based on the estimated energy demands in the new town, technological aspects are investigated for the district heating, cooling and hot water supply system. Then, the economic and energy saving characteristics are compared for several alternative systems according to the differences of the type of absorption refrigerating machine and so forth. Assuming that a combined heat and power plant is used as the heat source plant of the district thermal distribution system, the optimal combined district heating, cooling and power generation system has been selected from a comprehensive economic viewpoint. Lastly, it is ascertained that if fuel costs continue to rise at the rate of 8 per cent per year, the best energy conservation system becomes superior economically to the conventional district thermal distribution system.     

灌区工程老化损坏程度综合评判模型

应用模糊集合理论建立了灌区工程老化损坏程度综台评判模型。该模型在我省44处大中型灌区中进行了计算,根据计算成果对所评定的灌区工程进行了老化损坏程度排序及等级划分。     

小河口灌区可持续发展对策初析

从小河口灌区的水源工程、渠系工程、田间灌溉管理现状分析入手，提出了适合灌区可持续发展的初步对策。     

水资源供需分析中的几个问题

本文结合县级水资源开发利用现状分析工作实际，论述有关农业灌溉需水量、可供水量和供需平衡的计算，举出实例阐明某些重要基本概念。     

阳离子聚合物正电胶泥浆研究与应用

根据正电胶MMH对储层损害小，MMH-粘土结构具有强触变性的特点，把正电胶MMH引入阳离子聚合物泥浆，组成了阳离子聚合物正电胶泥浆，成功地解决了塔里木盆地塔中地区井壁坍塌问题，也取得了保护油气层的效果。     

内蒙古河套灌区渠井优化调度水盐动态研究

根据内蒙古河套灌区引黄灌溉工程实际，对渠井联合运用优化调度地面水和地下水后的地下水位调控规律、土壤水盐动态特征、灌溉土壤盐分变化等进行了分析。通过渠井优化调度、以灌代徘利用地下水，改变了灌区水盐动态形成条件，地厂水位下降，夏灌期地下水平均埋深为１．８８ｍ，秋灌期为１．８７ｍ，秋浇期为１．５０ｍ，冻融期为１．７８ｍ。地下水矿化度逐渐减小，淋洗排盐作用增强，表层土壤积盐过程改变为土壤逐步脱盐过程，水盐动态进入良性循环。渠井联合运用的优化决策，可广泛应用于河套引黄灌区灌排工程配套及管理之中。     

Practical modelling of micro combined heat and power applications for local authority district heating schemes

The primary purposes of this paper are to describe a practical model which can be used to assist economic evaluation of district heating proposals, with particular reference to potential micro combined heat and power (CHP) applications, and to discuss the results of applying this model to a proposal for a particular scheme. The problems of realistic simulation of demand patterns, and the sensitivity of micro-CHP project values to scale, fuel prices, differential purchase/selling tariffs for electricity, duty cycle and plant utilization factors are discussed. Of several options, two were shown to be economically viable, relative to existing methods of supply (gas-fired boilers); however, the margin of benefit is small relative to wisely chosen modern boiler installations. A brief discussion of alternative methods of finance is provided; ceteris paribus, the proposed scheme would not be likely to attract venture capital from would-be lease-hire agencies. There is scope however for pilot schemes, whose results could be used to define more closely the limits of uncertainty of, for example, annual availability and duty cycle influences on the cost economics of operations.     

Simulation studies of the expected performance of Kerava solar village

The Kerava solar village is the first regional building complex in Finland with a combined solar heating and heat pump system using seasonal heat storage. The village will be completed at the beginning of 1983. In this study we describe the heating system of Kerava solar village. The heat demand was estimated by computer simulations. Different weather conditions and operational situations were considered. Under normal weather and operating conditions approximately 60 percent of the total heat demand of the Kerava solar village is estimated to be obtained from solar energy.