基于总入流概念的鄱阳湖设计洪水计算

由于受到江河湖槽自然演变和人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖出湖控制站实测资料无法满足一致性和可靠性要求,再加上湖区水情复杂、观测资料匮乏,导致设计洪水计算面临较大困难。基于入库洪水理论,引入了总入流的计算方法,对于湖区各支流控制站和无控区间来水的流量过程,只考虑传播时间的叠加,避免了对各种自然、人为因素影响的定量计算,计算结果真实反映了洪水量级与时程分配过程,满足设计洪水计算规范要求。计算成果可为鄱阳湖区综合规划、水利枢纽设计提供依据。     

长湖纳污能力及水产养殖污染负荷估算

以CODMn、NH3-N、TN、TP作为污染指标,采用湖库均匀混合模型、狄龙模型和合田健模型对长湖纳污能力进行计算,并针对目前长湖水产养殖污染较重的特点,采用排污系数法、污染负荷率法对长湖水产养殖污染负荷进行估算。结果表明:长湖CODMn、NH3-N、TN、TP的纳污能力分别为8 523.15 t/a、1 495.57 t/a、1 932.70 t/a、96.64 t/a,长湖水产养殖所产生的COD、NH3-N、TN、TP污染负荷量分别为3 724.10 t/a、51.98 t/a、279.96 t/a、26.42 t/a。水产养殖对于长湖COD、TP的污染贡献较大是导致长湖有机污染和富营养化的一个重要污染源。     

阳宗海浮游生物群落结构研究

采用生物多样性指数方法,对2013年阳宗海湖泊的浮游生物群落结构进行研究。结果表明,阳宗海湖泊共检出浮游植物7门39属,蓝藻门的拟鱼腥藻和泽丝藻为优势种群;浮游动物鉴定出33种,轮虫为优势种;浮游植物和浮游动物的香浓多样性指数在1.10~2.83之间,均匀度指数在0.37~0.88之间,属于中度污染,阳宗海湖泊已处于中营养状态,并有向富营养化过渡的趋势。     

碟形湖在鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的作用和意义

"碟形湖"是指鄱阳湖湖盆区内枯水季节显露于洲滩之中的季节性子湖泊,具有特殊的地貌特征和水文特性、复杂多变的湿地景观和丰富的生物多样性等特征.在碟形湖及其周边,湿生与水生植物群落有序分布、季节性演替;静水水域有利于底栖动物和鱼类生长育肥;缓慢下降的水位、逐渐伸展的泥滩为越冬候鸟持续提供丰富的食物和歇息环境,全湖80%以上的水鸟在碟形湖区域越冬.高低不一、分布广泛的碟形湖群有效地缓解了干旱、洪水灾害对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的冲击,对于维护全球生态系统的完整性和生物多样性具有重要作用.最后提出了加强碟形湖保护和管理的对策.     

Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management

Lake Malawi is the southernmost of the Great Rift Valley Lakes of Africa and boasts the world's greatest freshwater fish biodiversity. Along with its basin, the lake provides many benefits to the country of Malawi. Settlements, agriculture and fishing are some of the major uses of the lake basin, making community involvement a necessary component of its management. With the use of key informant interviews, questionnaire survey, document review and site observations, this study demonstrates the applicability of the Integrated Lake Basin Management framework in the Lake Malawi Basin in regard to stakeholder participation. The main objective was to assess the participation of stakeholders, especially local communities, in the management of the lake basin. The framework applied in this study is discussed. The study findings indicate strong to very strong stakeholder participation, with notably high levels of awareness and women's involvement. Enhancing the understanding of the complex nature of lake basin issues, especially those related to the linkages between the water body and the basin, is a topic requiring further attention.     

Water quality prediction capabilities of WASP model for a tropical lake system

Water quality modelling facilitates our better understanding of the processes taking place in a lake system, and conservation plans to address them. The water quality analysis simulation programme (WASP) was used in this study to predict daily variations in water quality parameters, namely dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll‐a and biochemical oxygen demand concentrations in a tropical lake system. The lake was divided into eight segments with the respective morphological, environmental and flow details being model inputs. The monthly concentration of each water quality parameter also comprised model input. The model output was daily spatiotemporal variation in these parameters over a period of 476 days. This study also indicated that the occurrence of precipitation plays a major role in defining the water quality of a tropical lake. The heavy precipitation after a long gap, especially during the summer season, results in a large quantity of organic matter entering the lake through drains, thereby increasing the organic matter and phosphate in the water body, and subsequently resulting in high chlorophyll‐a concentrations in the lake. A reduced chlorophyll‐a concentration was observed during the heavy rains. The water quality fluctuations are more pronounced with precipitation, especially where polluted drains enter the lake. An improved water quality can be observed downstream, including increased dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Improved water quality was observed during the postmonsoon period, with increased salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations, a finding that confirms generalized and specific conclusions can be achieved with the use of the WASP model.     

Degradation of Lake Ziway,Ethiopia: A study of the environmental perceptions of school students

Lake Ziway in Ethiopia is a freshwater lake supporting multitude uses, including irrigation, fishing, water supply and recreation. However, the lake is being degraded primarily because of various land‐ and water‐use activities in its watershed. Recognizing these human impacts on the lake's water quality and quantity, the perceptions of school students were surveyed under the belief that the future of the lake is largely dependent on this younger generation. The goal of this study was to better understand how students actually recognize the extent to which various human activities impact the water quantity and quality of Lake Ziway. As major stakeholders in their communities, the perceptions of school students from four high schools regarding the changes to the lake over time were investigated. Students were contacted by purposive sampling, based on criteria of student academic performances, and their proximity to the lake. Their perceptions were studied on the basis of an interview survey. The majority of students indicated that high levels of human activities, especially water abstractions and water pollution, were the main lake impacts. Students believe there is a lack of sustainable utilization and protection of the lake. They suggested coordinated activities among all lake stakeholders in the participation and decision‐making process to properly manage the lake. Provision of awareness to both local administrations and local communities, concern for establishing an appropriate regulatory body and allocating a sufficient budget, and strict controls on flower farm practices in the lakeshore, also was considered to be of high priority as a means of conserving the sustainability of the lake. The result derived from this survey has important implications for facilitating improved school curricula, and for federal, regional and district level water resource management authorities, in setting priorities and developing policies for the sustainability of Lake Ziway.     

基于多种方法的太湖综合水质评价比较

水污染是太湖主要的水环境问题之一,准确合理地评价太湖水质状况对该地区水环境治理具有至关重要的作用。利用单因子水质标志指数法、综合水质标志指数法、改进的综合水质标志指数法及基于污染物权重的灰色关联分析法对2004—2013年典型断面的水质进行评价,水质单项指标评价表明太湖东部及东南部污染较严重且主要污染物为NH3-N,与该地区水体富营养化现状一致,综合水质评价表明近年来太湖水质呈逐年转好的趋势;对比研究结果表明,综合水质标志指数和改进的综合水质标志指数更接近太湖水质的真实情况,其中改进的综合水质标志指数法考虑了最差污染因子对综合水质的影响,克服了单项指标算术平均带来的误差,能真实反映流域的污染状况,为水环境治理工作提供更可靠的依据。     

面向水环境改善的城市河网动态水环境容量

为掌握城市河网动态水环境容量变化规律,构建了基于“空-地-水”一体化模型体系的城市河网动态水环境容量计算模型,以粤港澳大湾区惠州市金山湖流域为研究区域,定量核算了2017年金山湖流域COD和TP动态水环境容量。结果表明,模型模拟的流量、COD和TP浓度率定、验证的相对误差均在14.04%以内;2017年,金山湖流域COD和TP水环境容量整体呈先增大后减小的趋势,受降雨影响显著,逐日容量变化范围分别为238.55~3 027.49 kg/d和3.73~58.02 kg/d;枯水期水环境容量较小且与降水量负相关;丰水期的大雨或暴雨时期水环境容量明显提升,中小雨时期COD容量与降水量负相关,TP反之;保障生态基流能明显改善容量不足的问题,全年动态生态流量保障对金山湖流域水质达标率提升效果明显。     

1975—2020年环巢湖湿地景观格局演变及驱动分析

基于1975—2020年间7期遥感数据,分析环巢湖湿地景观格局变化,揭示研究区域的演变特征及其驱动因素。采用基于样本的面向对象分类法,辅以高分辨率影像对错分地类进行目视修正。通过计算转移矩阵、动态度和景观格局指数分析景观格局特征与动态变化,通过主成分分析讨论演变驱动力。结果表明:①1975—2020年,研究区域湿地面积总体上处于缩减状态,由971.77 km²缩减到905.29 km²,主要转换成建设用地、农用地和植被用地;人工湿地在2013—2020年面积增加至39.58 km²,主要由农用地转化而来;非湿地景观中,建设用地面积增长最快,由13.85 km²增长到566.56 km²。②在景观指数分析中,斑块数量增加,不同类型斑块指数的波动变化存在一定差异;整体上景观破碎化指数从0.49增加到1.26,景观异质性增加,研究区域趋于复杂化;多样性指数总体呈现缓慢增长趋势,趋于均衡化分布。③由驱动力分析得出,自然因素在景观格局演变前期影响显著,随着社会经济的发展,自然因素作用逐渐弱化,社会经济成为景观变化的重要驱动因素;政策因素在研究区域景观演变方向中起主导作用,随着一系列政策调控的实施,有效改善了景观类型的分布。