三峡水库蓄水运用初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应

根据来自长江水利委员会的2003年三峡水库蓄水前后出(入)库水沙变化的逐日数据(2003.5.25-6.12)以及长江中下游2003年和多年平均的干支流测站数据,本文对三峡水库蓄水初期长江中下游河道冲淤响应进行了初步研究。三峡水库蓄水后,拦沙作用十分明显,仅2003年6-12月份,水库淤积泥沙即达1.24亿t。由于泥沙被水库拦截,其下游各站输沙量均降低,河道沿程普遍发生冲刷(除监利至螺山段外)。各江段冲淤响应表现不一,从宜昌至监利冲刷量逐渐减小,监利至螺山段淤积,而从螺山到大通冲刷量逐渐增大。宜昌站至大通站间长江河道2003年总冲刷量为0.798亿t,比预测值小。三峡水库蓄水运用后长江河道冲淤形势发生的变化将对长江中下游环境带来一定的影响,加强及时的监测与研究十分必要。     

Association of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs and zebra mussels,Dreissena polymorpha,within the littoral zone of Lake Winnipeg

While nutrient loading has affected all levels of Lake Winnipeg’s ecology, its greatest influence has likely been on the microbial community. In addition to eutrophication, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have recently invaded the ecosystem and threaten food web dynamics. Their filter-feeding predation and association with bacteria, specifically phototrophs, was investigated. A sampling trip to Lake Winnipeg in October 2017, focused on the isolation, enumeration, and identification of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs in littoral water, sediment, and tissues of mussels. Gimli, Patricia, and Grand beaches, separated by >15 km across the South Basin, had similar bacterial counts when cultivated on rich organic, BG-11, purple non-sulphur, and K₂TeO₃-supplemented media. Culture-based enumeration on rich organic medium revealed 1.74% of heterotrophs from littoral waters were aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, and represented 13.98% within sediments. In contrast, 0.48, 1.15, and 0.16% of cultured heterotrophs were aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs within zebra mussel gill, gut, and gonadal tissues, respectively. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S V4 rDNA maintained similar trends in respective bivalve organs, where 0.22, 1.13, and 0.20% of total 16S genes belonged to these phototrophs. Several Sphingomonadaceae isolates were recovered from gut tissues, all with filamentous morphology large enough for predation. Bioaccumulation of metals was also studied in D. polymorpha. All tested associated aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were capable of resisting the metalloid oxide tellurite. The consistent distribution of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs within microbial communities across Lake Winnipeg, and their predominance in the gut tissues of zebra mussels suggested bacterial consumption by this invasive species.     

High nutrient loading and climatic parameters influence the dominance and dissimilarity of toxigenic cyanobacteria in northern bays of Lake Victoria

Eutrophication of Lake Victoria led to changes in its phytoplankton communities. However, different levels of eutrophication exist in the open lake and the bays, and between embayments. This study utilized spatial and temporal sampling of Napoleon Gulf and Murchison Bay, exhibiting different trophic conditions. Over one year, we investigated phytoplankton biomass, richness, diversity and dissimilarity, and related the dynamics of the dominant species to the limnological and climatic conditions. The results confirmed that Napoleon Gulf and Murchison Bay showed large differences in eutrophication status, with lower nutrient concentrations in Napoleon Gulf than in Murchison Bay, where a strong gradient was observed from inshore to offshore areas. These nutrient dynamics resulted in a 4 to 10 fold higher chlorophyll-a in Murchison Bay than in Napoleon Gulf. From the embayments, 135 phytoplankton taxa were recorded with no significant differences in alpha diversity. However, high dissimilarity in community structure was observed in beta diversity, mostly due to a turnover among the dominant toxigenic species. Thus, from a similar species pool, there was a shift in the dominant toxigenic cyanobacteria from Microcystis flos-aquae and M. aeruginosa in Murchison Bay, Dolichospermum circinale and Planktolyngbya circumcreta in Napoleon Gulf to D. circinale in the offshore stations. These cyanobacteria are toxigenic taxa with known health hazards. Using partial least square models, we showed that both climatic variables (e.g. wind, solar radiation) and levels of inorganic dissolved nutrients (e.g. SRP, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺) are the main drivers of differences and dominance in cyanobacteria communities in northern Lake Victoria.     

Lake Chivero: A management case study

Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe was shown to be hypereutrophic. Historical data showed that the eutrophication process had been arrested in the late 1970s. However, a combination of poor planning, multiplicity of jurisdiction, mismatch between rate of urbanization and waste management investment, recent changes in the local climate and a permissive, immature political system that called for no public accountability resulted in environmental management breakdown leading to hypereutrophication of the lake. The case of Lake Chivero is presented as an example of a wider global issue regarding the status of environmental management in competition with other priorities in emerging democracies.     

鄱阳湖流域农村水环境污染防治对策研究

农村水环境是鄱阳湖流域水环境的重要组成部分.通过分析鄱阳湖流域农村水环境现状及存在问题,并针对问题提出农村水环境污染防治对策,重点包括了人工湿地、沟塘和生态沟渠工程措施.在工程措施的基础上,提出管理措施,为保障鄱阳湖＂一湖清水下泄＂提供支撑.     

新疆博斯腾湖二维水质数学模型研究

博斯腾湖流域经济总产值占全州经济总量的80%以上,是巴州工农业生产的重要聚集区域。然而,随着流域社会经济的快速发展,流域污染物的产生量、入湖量和污水排放量日益增加,点源污染和面源污染逐年加剧,博斯腾湖已由淡水湖泊演变为微咸湖。因此,建立二维水质数学模型,分析矿化度变化规律,为博斯腾湖的环境管理及环境保护规划等提供科学依据。     

过去100年来洪泽湖洪涝灾害特性分析

分析了过去100年来洪泽湖洪涝灾害的8个特性，即：灾害类型的多元性；洪涝发生时间上的历史延续性与阶段性；成灾空间区域趋于萎缩与集中；大洪涝频度的增加趋势；洪涝发生与流域降水的正相关性；洪涝与梅雨异常的同步性；水位和最大洪峰流量的差异性；洪涝灾情表现的复杂性。     

Application of a numerical model for circulation,temperature and pollutant distribution in Hamilton Harbour

The restoration of Hamilton Harbour, from an environmental standpoint, is a current concern for the agencies involved with remediation efforts in the harbour. Estimates of circulation and mixing are needed to assess the fate and transport of water quality constituents in the harbour. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling system (ELCOM) is used to study the circulation and thermal structure in the harbour. The model results were compared with profiles of temperature at several moorings and currents and water levels in the harbour. The model showed considerable skill in reproducing the thermal structure, surface currents and water levels. Mean summer circulation in the harbour showed two counter-rotating gyres occupying the harbour. The model produced harbour-lake exchange characteristics are in agreement with previous studies. Simulations using passive tracers qualitatively agreed with chemical tracer studies conducted near a sewage treatment plant outfall. The accuracy of these simulations suggests that the model is capable of describing flow and transport of material required for detailed water quality simulations.     

Fall diet and bathymetric distribution of deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) in Lake Huron

Deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii are an important component of Great Lake's offshore benthic food webs. Recent declines in deepwater sculpin abundance and changes in bathymetric distribution may be associated with changes in the deepwater food web of Lake Huron, particularly, decreased abundance of benthic invertebrates such as Diporeia. To assess how deepwater sculpins have responded to recent changes, we examined a fifteen-year time series of spatial and temporal patterns in abundance as well as the diets of fish collected in bottom trawls during fall of 2003, 2004, and 2005. During 1992–2007, deepwater sculpin abundance declined on a lake-wide scale but the decline in abundance at shallower depths and in the southern portion of Lake Huron was more pronounced. Of the 534 fish examined for diet analysis, 97% had food in the stomach. Mysis, Diporeia, and Chironomidae were consumed frequently, while sphaerid clams, ostracods, fish eggs, and small fish were found in only low numbers. We found an inverse relationship between prevalence of Mysis and Diporeia in diets that reflected geographic and temporal trends in abundance of these invertebrates in Lake Huron. Because deepwater sculpins are an important trophic link in offshore benthic food webs, declines in population abundance and changes in distribution may cascade throughout the food web and impede fish community restoration goals.     

鄱阳湖湖区及五河七口DEM制作

阐述了在ArcGis平台上利用数字地形图生产鄱阳湖湖区及五河七口DEM制作的方法.