生物群体智能优化的投影寻踪模型在灌区水资源综合效益研究中的应用

将高维降维技术的投影寻踪模型引入到灌区水资源综合效益的研究中,并采用生物群体智能算法对投影寻踪模型进行优化,以提高投影寻踪模型的准确度。以经济效益、生态环境效益以及社会效益3方面建立指标体系,并提出了5类等级标准。以漳河灌区为例,利用所建模型对该灌区水资源综合效益进行研究,并对不同指标的贡献度进行了分析。结果表明,漳河灌区2013年的综合效益等级为等级Ⅲ(一般);在灌区水资源综合效益研究方面,优化后的投影寻踪模型具有较好的实用性和可信性。     

浙江诸暨桔槔井灌工程遗产及其价值研究

桔槔井灌是最古老的灌溉方式之一。浙江省诸暨市赵家镇的桔槔井灌工程群是目前仍在使用的灌溉工程遗产。本文通过田野调查、文献考证等方法,分析了诸暨赵家桔槔井灌的历史演变、遗产构成、工程特性及其科技文化价值。研究认为,赵家镇桔槔井灌的延续使用有其特殊的自然和历史背景;其历史起源可追溯至12世纪,外来移民利用此地优越的地下水资源条件,因地制宜地使用简易而有效的桔槔提水、发展灌溉农业,逐渐繁衍形成村落。灌溉工程体系规划科学、设计完善、管理有效,并在发展过程中衍生出独具特色的文化。诸暨桔槔井灌遗产具有独特的历史、科技和文化价值,是早期灌溉文明的活化石,近几十年遗产范围快速萎缩,应予科学保护。     

中国水量分配研究进展

随着农业现代化发展,新型农业经营主体大量涌现,逐步参加和主导了农田水利工程运行维养,并对传统运行维养模式转变产生了积极影响。通过对新型农业经营主体及供销合作组织参与农田水利工程建设、维养情况,存在的问题和难点等分析,提出了鼓励扶持的意见和建议,为创新农田水利工程运行维养模式,深化农业水价综合改革提供有益的参考。     

阀式自动控制闸在灌区现代化改造的优势探讨

灌区存在大量过流能力0.1m3/s以下的小型取水口,往往由于闸门设施简陋、管理粗放、缺少监控而产生严重的水资源浪费。农业水价综合改革要求计量用水到户,传统的小型取水口闸难以满足这一要求。本文基于江西锦北灌区小型取水口的管理现状和问题,讨论分析国内外现代化自动控制闸的适用性,提出自主研发阀式远程自动控制闸的方案。该闸型技术功能强而成本低、易于量产,可集成自动量水、远程控制与视频监控的一体化自动监控系统,便于安装与维护,运行管理效率高,在小型取水口大面积自动化改造方面优势明显,具有推广价值。     

Effect of irrigation applied to olive trees (Olea europaea L.) on phenolic compound transfer during olive oil extraction

The main objective of this research was to determine the extent to which irrigation practices affect the partitioning of phenolic compounds between olive paste, pomace, olive oil and wastewater. The current paper also aimed to study the effect of technological natural micro‐talc (NMT) addition during the oil extraction process on the partitioning of the phenolic compounds between solid and liquid phases. The results obtained in this study showed that irrigation applied to olive trees let to a considerable decrease in the phenol content of the olive paste. The water status of the trees affected the phenol synthesis in the olive fruit, and consequently the phenol content of the olive paste, more than the partitioning of the phenolic compounds during the olive oil extraction process. The most remarkable point of the phenol partitioning was related to the simple phenols. While in the samples from non‐irrigated trees the greater proportion of these phenols partitioned into the pomace, in samples from irrigated trees most of them were lost in the wastewater. After comparison of the results obtained from the experiments with and without NMT addition, it was concluded that the use of that co‐adjuvant did not significantly alter either the phenolic profile of the oil phase obtained or the content of the individual phenolic compounds.     

棉花优质高产抗旱节水技术大田试验研究

按照生态农业工程理论和抗旱节水工程技术要求,对棉花转基因抗旱品种、不同密度、不同基肥N、P的施用量进行田间水分胁迫综合试验.经在关中灌区3年试验研究结果表明:密度以每公顷种植7.5万株比种植4.5、6万株分别增产671.854、83.30 kg,增产57.49%和41.36%.品种陕402(早熟)、陕576(中早熟)分别比中棉所41(中熟)增产16.62%和16.17%.施磷酸二铵比尿素增产,每公顷施1502、25 kg分别增产11.35%和10.53%.抗旱节水农业工程育种和农艺节水工程技术结合,不仅可降低生产成本44%~47%,还可提高产量和品质,增收1 050~5 000元/hm2,同时节约了水资源,保护了农业生态环境.     

Survey of Irrigation Methods in California in 2001

Reliable information on irrigation methods is important for determining agricultural water demand trends. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2002 to collect information on irrigation methods that were used by growers to irrigate their crops in 2001. The results were compared to earlier surveys to assess trends in cropping and irrigation methods. A one-page questionnaire was developed to collect information on irrigated land by crop and irrigation methods. The questionnaire was mailed to 10,000 growers in California that were randomly selected from a list of 58,000 growers by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, excluding rice, dry-land, and livestock producers. From 1972 to 2002, the area planted has increased from 15 to 31% for orchards and from 6 to 16% for vineyards. The area planted to vegetables has remained relatively static, while that planted to field crops has declined from 67 to 42% of the irrigated area. The land irrigated by low-volume (drip and microsprinkler) irrigation has increased by about 33%, while the amount of land irrigated by surface methods has decreased by about 31%. Sprinkler usage has decreased in orchards and vineyards, but it has increased in vegetable crops.     

Optimal Design of Pressurized Irrigation Subunit

A linear programming (LP) model is presented for optimal design of the pressurized irrigation system subunit. The objective function of the LP is to minimize the equivalent annual fixed cost of pipe network of the irrigation system and its annual operating energy cost. The hydraulic characteristics in the irrigation subunit are ensured by using the length, energy conservation, and pressure head constraints. The input data are the system layout, segment-wise cost and hydraulic gradients in all the alternative pipe diameters, and energy cost per unit head of pumping water through the pipeline network. The output data are: segment-wise lengths of different diameters, operating inlet pressure head, and equivalent annual cost of the pipeline network. The explicit optimal design is demonstrated with design examples on lateral and submain or manifold of pressurized irrigation systems. The effect of the equations for friction head loss calculation on optimization procedure is investigated through the design example for microirrigation manifold. The performance evaluation of the proposed model in comparison with the analytical methods, graphical methods, numerical solutions, and dynamic programming optimization model reveals the good performance of the proposed model. The verification of operating inlet pressure head obtained by the proposed model with accurate numerical step-by-step method suggested that it is mostly accurate.     

淠史杭灌区水稻干旱指标研究

本文利用多种方法,对试验资料进行分析,总结出适用于淠史杭灌区干旱评价的3种指标.     

流溪河灌区工程渠首枢纽计算机监控系统可靠性设计

本文介绍了在研建流溪河灌区工程渠首枢纽计算机监控系统过程中开发的提高系统可靠性的几项关键技术：现场总线技术、完备冷冗余技术、故障诊断技术。