汾河沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

研究针对汾河太原段的沉积物进行采样,对重金属进行分析。测定结果表明：汾河太原段沉积物中重金属的含量很高,4种重金属之间、12个采样点之间含量差别较大;含量反映了工业排放是造成汾河太原段重金属含量高的主要原因。重金属污染状况评价表明：所研究的4种重金属都处于中等以上污染水平,污染程度排行为：Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni;对采样点进行综合污染状况评价表明,所有采样点均处于一个较高或很高的污染水平,污染最严重的是胜利桥和涧河。潜在生态风险评价表明：Cu处于较高的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cr和Ni处于中、低的潜在风险;采样点的潜在风险评价表明：胜利桥、涧河和南沙河的综合潜在生态风险处于较高水平。     

大夏河流域水环境现状及污染原因调查分析

通过对大夏河干流及5条支流水质监测断面进行监测分析和调查评价,发现大夏河流域大部分河流仅源头上游水质尚好,中下游明显受到污染。污染河段有大夏河折桥段、合作河合作段、红水河临夏段、牛津河取水口段,主要纳污河段污染物超标严重,甚至达到Ⅴ类。该流域中企业直接排污、排污管网不配套、城镇污水处理能力不足、河道内非法采沙、水土流失、化肥和农药的不合理使用是造成污染物超标严重的主要原因。     

Antimicrobial resistance of fecal bacteria in waters of the Seine river watershed (France)

We studied the prevalences of antimicrobial resistance (AR) and multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) among the fecal bacteria found in the rivers of a large watershed under strong anthropogenic pressures, the Seine river watershed (France). Two groups of fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, were tested for their susceptibility to 16 and 10 antimicrobials respectively, using the disk diffusion method. We found that 42% of the 214 E. coli river isolates were AR (resistant to at least one antimicrobial) and 35% were MAR (resistant to at least two antimicrobials). Among the 148 intestinal enterococci isolates from rivers, 83% were AR and 49% were MAR. We also investigated the sources of AR fecal bacteria found in the rivers of the watershed. A total of 715 E. coli isolates and 476 intestinal enterococci isolates were collected in point sources (municipal and hospital wastewaters) and non-point sources (surface runoff and soil leaching waters from agricultural or forest areas). For E. coli, the prevalence of AR differed widely from source to source and ranked in this order: hospital wastewaters (71%) > municipal wastewaters (44%) > agricultural non-point sources (16%) > forest non-point sources (2%). The prevalence of MAR ranked similarly, and the same trend was observed for intestinal enterococci. The AR level of fecal bacteria in the sources was related to their expected exposure level to antimicrobials before their release into the environment. A MAR index was calculated for every source and a good discrimination between them was thus obtained. At the global scale of the Seine river watershed, domestic wastewaters seemed more likely to be the predominant source of the AR fecal bacteria found in the rivers. This was corroborated by the similarity of the MAR indices from river and municipal wastewater isolates for both fecal indicators.     

20世纪80年代以来珠江三角洲网河区河性演变

针对20世纪80年代以来珠江三角洲网河受大规模采沙影响,其河道特性发生的显著变化,基于实测资料,从网河区河道的河床演变、水沙条件、同流量水位变化、西江和北江分流分沙变化、河槽容积及河道行洪能力等方面分析了珠三角网河区河性的演变情况。结果表明:20世纪80年代以来,网河区河床下切严重,来流量变化不大,来沙量大幅下降,同流量下水位下降明显,思贤滘对西江、北江的分水分沙有所调整,河槽容积增大,河道的行洪能力提高。随着规模取沙的减少,2005年后网河区河道进入新的平衡演变阶段。     

图们江下游湿地土壤种子库特征研究

为对图们江下游湿地土壤种子库的物种组成、数量、物种多样性、相似性指数以及时空分布等特征进行分析,选取了图们江下游3个切面的河岸样地进行野外调查及选取样地采样,并采用种子萌发实验确定了土壤种子库的种类和数量.结果表明：图们江下游河流湿地种子库共有植被物种19种,种子库的密度最大为17 750粒/m2,最小为1 953粒/...     

珠江防洪规划思路、战略部署及实施意见

《珠江流域防洪规划》在编制过程中根据珠江流域的自然条件和经济社会发展的需求．对珠江流域防洪沿革、目前防洪情势、防洪思路的形成过程进行了分析，总结了流域防洪建设的经验教训，以科学发展观为指导，提出了珠江流域防洪战略目标、战略部署及实施意见。     

金沙江流域石鼓断面上游水汽含量与降水量特征

在流域尺度上研究水文循环过程中的水汽含量和降水量,为流域综合治理和水资源开发利用提供依据。基于ASTER GDEM V2地形数据、ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料及降水资料,研究金沙江流域石鼓断面上游上空水汽含量和降水量的时空分布特征,并讨论两者的相关性。研究表明：研究区上空水汽含量由南向北、由东向西呈递减趋势,西南部呈斜倒“U”型,东南部呈正“U”型;多年平均降水量自西北向东南逐渐增加;年平均水汽含量和降水量呈现上升趋势,四季水汽含量和降水量从大到小均依次为“夏、秋、春、冬”,多年平均月水汽含量和降水量为单峰型分布;年平均水汽含量同降水量之间为弱相关关系,各季节相关性差异显著,逐月相关性更具有指导意义。     

海拉尔河流域水资源承载力模糊综合评价

为了准确评价海拉尔河流域水资源承载力,对未来作出预测,以2006年为现状年,选取人均水资源可利用量、水资源利用率、城镇人口比例、供水模数、需水模数、生活用水定额、河道外生态用水率7个评价指标,并采用模糊综合评价法对海拉尔河流域水资源承载力进行了评价和预测.结果表明:海拉尔河流域2006年水资源开发利用程度较低,开发潜力...     

Occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture environment

The occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance and their pollution profile in the aquaculture environment of Tianjin, northern China, were investigated. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified and the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were quantified at 6 aquaculture farms in Tianjin. Sulfonamide-resistance genes were prevalent and their concentrations were the highest detected (3.0 × 10⁻⁵ to 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ for sul1/16S rDNA, 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.8 × 10⁻³ for sul2/16S rDNA) among the various ARGs, most likely because the use of sulfonamides is more prevalent than tetracyclines in this area. Bacillus was the most dominant bacterial genus in both sulfamethoxazole resistant bacteria (63.27% of the total resistant bacteria) and tetracycline-resistant bacteria (57.14% of the total resistant bacteria). At least two of those genes (tetM, tetO, tetT, tetW, sul1 and sul2) were detected in the isolates of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Acinetobacter lwofii, and all of the above genes were detected in B. cereus, suggesting the occurrence of multi-resistance in the studied area. The genetic transfer of sul1 between intestinal bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus spp.) and indigenous bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) was implied by phylogenetic analysis. Several strains of resistant opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter spp.) were found in indigenous bacteria, which increase the risk of ARGs to public health. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively investigate the antibiotic resistance profile by analyzing the species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and adopting qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate ARGs at a typical aquaculture area in northern China.     

黄河强烈游荡,严重淤积的原因

强烈游荡，严重淤积，是黄河下游河道的两个主要特征，也是黄河一切灾难的主要原因。前是断面太宽浅而直接引起的问题，是由来水来沙搭配关系决定的。水沙关系ｍ值小于２．５的属于大水来沙偏少而小水来沙偏多，滩地不易淤高而河槽易于淤浅，形成多汊宽线游荡性河流；反之，ｍ大于２．５的则形成单股窄深蠕动性河流。黄河下游ｍ约为２，故成为强烈游荡的宽浅河道。后则是河道输沙能力的形成问题，是由纵横断面的配合决定的，黄河