科学认识河湖水系连通问题

近年,河湖水系连通问题受到了极大关注,各级水行政主管部门对河湖水系连通的理论问题提出了迫切需求。结合国内外河湖水系连通的实例以及不同专家的意见和建议,对河湖水系连通的相关问题进行了初步梳理和总结,提出了当前推进河湖水系连通工作应注意的几个问题。     

人工湖优化设计方法

针对防洪治涝工程设计规划中人工湖布局缺乏明确的技术依据问题,为了提高人工湖调蓄洪水的功效,优化城市防洪治涝体系,分析了人工湖对河道洪水过程的影响和防洪调蓄的功效。通过系统优化分析,提出了人工湖面积和布置位置的确定方法。实例说明,提出的人工湖优化设计方法简单有效,可供城市防洪治涝工程规划设计参考。     

引水济湖工程措施的生态环境影响评价方法

在湖泊引水方案和二维环境流体动力学模型影响预测计算结果的基础上,提出引水后湖泊环境生态影响预测评价方法:①从湖泊水景的自然度、自净(健康)度、景观度、亲水度、连通度5个方面,构造了引江济湖工程对湖泊生态-环境-景观综合影响指数评价法;②从水环境质量、生物多样性、防洪排涝、景观生态结构等方面应用质量指标法进行工程对湖泊健康综合影响评价。实例应用表明,两种评价方法可以对湖泊引水影响效果进行科学评价,结论也比较一致,为正确实施引水济湖方案提供了科学评估方法和依据。     

模糊综合评价法在引江济巢工程引水线路优选中的应用

引江济巢工程是巢湖水环境综合治理措施,其中引水线路的选择是整个工程规划的关键之一。工程引水线路方案有凤凰颈、白荡湖、菜子湖三条线路,线路的选择具有复杂性、模糊性和不确定性。基于模糊数学理论,采用模糊综合评价法对各引水线路进行评价,建立评价指标集、评价等级集和评价指标权重集,先后做一级、二级模糊综合评价,经模糊优选菜子湖线路要优于凤凰颈和白荡湖线路。经过实践应用,此法在引江济巢工程引水线路优选中有效地将规划设计人员的主观认识客观化,能够科学迅速地对规划设计方案做出合理的优选。     

在盐湖地区暴露48个月纯锌的腐蚀行为

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、金相显微镜和电化学阻抗等手段研究了锌在青海盐湖大气环境(富盐干旱型大气环境)中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在青海盐湖大气环境中锌的腐蚀规律遵循经验公式m=Atn。锌的向地面比向天面腐蚀严重,向天面暴晒48个月出现锈层脱落现象。两个表面的腐蚀产物均由Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O,Zn5(CO)3(OH)6和Zn4SO4(OH)6·3H2O组成,锈层均富含SiO2。电化学结果表明,随着暴晒时间的延长向地面的极化电阻Rp逐渐增大,而向天面的Rp逐渐增加,而暴晒48个月时减小。锈层有抑制基体腐蚀的作用,对两个表面锈层的保护性随暴晒时间的延长而增大,而向天面暴晒48个月时保护性减弱。     

察尔汗盐湖资源与我国钾肥工业发展

概述了察尔汗盐湖的自然条件、地质条件与资源状况,阐明了我国钾肥工业的现状以及察尔汗盐湖资源开发对发展我国钾肥工业的重要作用。     

Benchmarking classifiers to optimally integrate terrain analysis and multispectral remote sensing in automatic rock glacier detection

The performance improvements that can be achieved by classifier selection and by integrating terrain attributes into land cover classification are investigated in the context of rock glacier detection. While exposed glacier ice can easily be mapped from multispectral remote-sensing data, the detection of rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers is a challenge for multispectral remote sensing. Motivated by the successful use of digital terrain analysis in rock glacier distribution models, the predictive performance of a combination of terrain attributes derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) digital elevation models and Landsat ETM+ data for detecting rock glaciers in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA, is assessed. Eleven statistical and machine-learning techniques are compared in a benchmarking exercise, including logistic regression, generalized additive models (GAM), linear discriminant techniques, the support vector machine, and bootstrap-aggregated tree-based classifiers such as random forests. Penalized linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) yields mapping results that are significantly better than all other classifiers, achieving a median false-positive rate (mFPR, estimated by cross-validation) of 8.2% at a sensitivity of 70%, i.e. when 70% of all true rock glacier points are detected. The GAM and standard linear discriminant analysis were second best (mFPR: 8.8%), followed by polyclass. For comparison, the predictive performance of the best three techniques is also evaluated using (1) only terrain attributes as predictors (mFPR: 13.1-14.5% for best three techniques), and (2), only Landsat ETM+ data (mFPR: 19.4-22.7%), yielding significantly higher mFPR estimates at a 70% sensitivity. The mFPR of the worst three classifiers was by about one-quarter higher compared to the best three classifiers, and the combination of terrain attributes and multispectral data reduced the mFPR by more than one-half compared to remote sensing only. These results highlight the importance of combining remote-sensing and terrain data for mapping rock glaciers and other debris-covered ice and choosing the optimal classifier based on unbiased error estimators. The proposed benchmarking methodology is more generally suitable for comparing the utility of remote-sensing algorithms and sensors.     

SODA: A new method of in-scene atmospheric water vapor estimation and post-flight spectral recalibration for hyperspectral sensors: Application to the HyMap sensor at two locations

A new method of estimating per-pixel atmospheric column water vapor (ACWV) and potential differences in the reported band center wavelengths of the HyMap sensor has been developed. The new method uses variations of a second order derivative algorithm (SODA) to assess the impact of atmospheric residual features on calculated surface reflectance spectra after atmospheric compensation. The SODA method provides an alternative to the current band ratio techniques of ACWV estimation and also allows the same form of algorithm to be used for the estimation of possible band shifts. A comparison of in-situ measured surface reflectance at two field sites in Western Australia demonstrates improvement in the resulting spectra when post-flight updates are made to the reported HyMap band center wavelengths and applied during the atmospheric compensation process. The same SODA methodology was varied to estimate the ACWV on a per-pixel basis and found to significantly reduce the appearance of the underlying surface structure on the resulting ACWV images as well as improve the overall accuracy of the estimation. The ACWV estimated from the HyMap imagery at the two field sites was found to agree with in-situ atmospheric ACWV measurements to within 2% and represented a two fold increase in accuracy over a 3 band ratio Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio (CIBR) technique of ACWV estimation.     

Water property monitoring and assessment for China's inland Lake Taihu from MODIS-Aqua measurements

We provide results of quantitative measurements and characterization for inland freshwater Lake Taihu from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellite Aqua. China's Lake Taihu, which is located in the Yangtze River delta in one of the world's most urbanized and heavily populated areas, contains consistently highly turbid waters in addition to frequent large seasonal algae blooms in various lake regions. Thus, satellite data processing requires use of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm. Specifically for Lake Taihu, an iterative SWIR-based atmospheric correction algorithm has been developed and proven to provide reasonably accurate water-leaving radiance spectra data. Using MODIS-Aqua measurements, the blue-green algae bloom in Lake Taihu in 2007 has been studied in detail, demonstrating the importance and usefulness of satellite water color remote sensing for effectively monitoring and managing a bloom event.Seasonal and interannual variability, as well as spatial distributions, of lake water properties were studied and assessed using the MODIS-Aqua measurements from 2002 to 2008. Results show that overall waters in Lake Taihu are consistently highly turbid all year round, with the winter and summer as the most and least turbid seasons in the lake, respectively. Extremely turbid waters in the winter are primarily attributed to strong winter winds that lead to significant amounts of total suspended sediment (TSS) in the water column. In addition, MODIS-Aqua-measured water-leaving radiance at the blue band is consistently low in various bay regions in Lake Taihu, indicating high algae concentration in these regions. Climatological water property maps, including normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nL_w(λ), chlorophyll-a concentration, and water diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm (K_d(490)), are derived from all MODIS-Aqua data from 2002 to 2008 for Lake Taihu, showing overall spatial distribution features for the lake water property.     

Anthropogenic and climatic influences over the past three centuries on characteristics of an Adirondack lake,Eastern North America

Fourth Lake is a drainage lake at 43°N, 74°W, from which a 37‐cm long mud‐water interface core was recovered. ²¹⁰Pb dating indicates the core spans ≈340 years, from the Little Ice Age through modern global warming. Diatom accumulation responds to anthropogenic watershed disturbances, declining slightly up‐core until a peak in the late‐1800s attributable to sediment and nutrient influx from logging and enlargement of the outlet dam. A dramatic decrease occurs ≈1900 as logging and lake filling ceased, and a smaller peak ≈1960 accompanies residential development. Similar changes occur in organic carbon accumulation, which ranges from 0.0038–0.024 mg cm^?2 year^?1, with generally decreasing values up‐core, punctuated by maximum values in the late‐1800s. Expressing diatoms as concentration, however, reveals a doubling up‐core that positively correlates with changes extending beyond the watershed, including Northern Hemisphere temperature, atmospheric CO₂ concentration and solar irradiance (R = 0.627, 0.675 and 0.400, respectively). A >50% increase in % organic carbon, from 3.8% to 5.9%, also positively correlates with these larger‐scale environmental conditions (R = 0.828, 0.830 and 0.832), while negative correlations with the extrabasinal records are exhibited by magnetic susceptibility (R = ?0.654, ?0.496, and ?0.660) and clay (R = ?0.770, ?0.762, and ?0.737). These changes are consistent with decreased sediment influx and reduced dilution of biogenous sedimentary components. In contrast to total diatoms, the accumulation of planktonic genus Asterionella displays a long‐term increase up‐core. Potential explanations include increasing duration of the ice‐free season or a shift in the timing of the spring bloom and a mismatch with abundance of predator(s). Asterionella also increases as a percentage of total diatoms, being positively correlated with extrabasinal conditions (R = 0.827, 0.774 and 0.674). This change occurs at the expense of many benthic genera and, over the past century, at the expense of tychoplanktonic genus, Aulacosiera. Heavily silicified, Aulacosiera requires strong mixing to remain within the epilimnion. Thus, its decline might result from increasing stratification caused by warming.