Algorithms Comparison of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat Series Data：A Case Study in Qiqihar，China

Land Surface Temperature（LST)is considered to be one of the significant indicators of urban environment analysis.Landsat thermal infrared series data is an important data source for retrieving surface temperature.In this paper，the thermal infrared band of the Landsat data in 2002，2008 and 2016 were used to retrieve LST by three different algorithms in municipal area of Qiqihar，China.These algorithms were the Mono-Window algorithm（MW algorithm)，the Single Channel algorithm（SC algorithm) and the Radiation Transport Equation method（RTE algorithm).And the results of the retrieval were compared to each other and verified by MODIS surface temperature products.The LST distribution maps were accomplished according to the retrieval results.The results showed that：(1)The spatial distribution of the LST obtained by the retrieval of the Landsat series by the three algorithms is consistent，and the LSTof the urban center is higher and thetemperature of water is the lowest；(2)Based on ETM+ data，the consistency between SC and RTE algorithm results is good，among which the SC algorithm has the highest precision，and the MW algorithm has large errors in different land cover areas；(3)The retrieval results by MW algorithm based on the TM data has the highest accuracy，RTE algorithm results is second，and the LST form SC algorithm is less consistent with the corresponding MODIS temperature products；(4)Based on the Landsat 8 TIRS data，the SC algorithm has the highest accuracy and the RTE algorithm has a large error.     

Aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid—Determination of structure, solution and bulk properties

Due to their highly branched structure and the large number of functional groups hyperbranched polymers possess unique properties that make them interesting for uses in a wide variety of applications. Some of the most widely investigated hyperbranched polymers are the polyesters based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid. In this paper we present the results of characterization studies of hyperbranched polyesters based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid which show that they are very complex products with a multidimensional distribution of various properties. The influence of the synthesis conditions on the structure and molar-mass characteristics of hyperbranched polyesters as well as the findings that allow a thorough understanding of the structure-property relationships are reviewed in detail.     

Physiological effects of unassembled chaperonin Cct subunits in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic chaperonins, the Cct complexes, are assembled into two rings, each of which is composed of a stoichiometric array of eight different subunits, which are denoted Cct1p-Cct8p. Overexpression of a single CCT gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes an increase of the corresponding Cct subunit, but not of the Cct complex. Nevertheless, overexpression of certain Cct subunits, especially CCT6, suppresses a wide range of abnormal phenotypes, including those caused by the diverse types of conditional mutations tor2-21, lst8-2 and rsp5-9 and those caused by the concomitant overexpression of Sit4p and Sap155p. The examination of 73 altered forms of Cct6p revealed that the cct6-24 mutation, containing GDGTT --> AAAAA replacements of the conserved ATP-binding motif, was unable to suppress any of these traits, although the cct6-24 allele was completely functional for growth. These results provide evidence for functional differences among Cct subunits and for physiological properties of unassembled subunits. We suggest that the suppression is due to the competition of specific Cct subunits for activities that normally modify various cellular components. Furthermore, we also suggest that the Cct subunits can act as suppressors only in certain states, such as when associated with ATP.     

基于MODIS 影像数据的劈窗算法研究及其参数确定

劈窗算法是目前由热红外遥感数据获取陆面温度的主要方法。在介绍劈窗算法的一般表现形式的基础上, 我们推导出适合于MOD IS 影像数据的劈窗算法。大气透过率和地表比辐射率是求解地表温度的两个关键参数。由于MOD IS 图像分辨率较低,MOD IS 像元主要由水面、植被和裸土3种地物类型构成, 故可依据这3 种地物的构成比例确定地表比辐射率。从遥感影像上反演大气的水汽含量, 再根据大气水汽含量与大气透过率的关系计算出大气透过率。最后将文中推导的劈窗算法用于江苏省地表温度的反演。反演出来的地表温度图显示出明显的地表温度空间差异、城市热岛效应和不同的地物类型。     

青藏高原地表温度时空变化分析

使用MODIS地表温度(LST)产品对青藏高原地表温度的空间分布和年际变化进行分析。通过一种融合时空信息的方法对LST缺失像元进行重建恢复,重建后有效像元比例达到97%以上。用正弦和线性分段函数法将4个瞬时时刻的LST观测值拟合为日平均LST,经地面0cm土壤温度观测数据验证,拟合后的均方根误差(RMSE)在1K以内。建立以年为周期的余弦函数模型,刻画了LST在一年内的季节波动,并得到LST的年平均值、振幅和峰值日期3个参数。分析了各参数在空间上的分布和多年的变化趋势。结果显示:LST年平均值与海拔高度、纬度和下垫面类型相关性较大;年内振幅从青藏高原东南部到西北部呈升高趋势;水体的峰值日期相比其他地物类型有明显的延迟。多年变化斜率分析显示,整个青藏高原的年平均LST以每年0.015K的速度升高,振幅以每年0.076K的速度增长,反映出受气候变化的影响,极端气候出现的概率明显增大,而峰值日期有所提前。     

Characterizing the impact of urban morphology heterogeneity on land surface temperature in Guangzhou,China

The urban morphology is regarded as one of the main reasons for urban heat island (UHI). However, its effect on UHI in city-scale urban areas has seldom been examined. In this paper, we presented a rule-based regression model for investigating the nonlinear relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and urban morphology represented by building height, building density and sky view factor (SVF) across different dates in 2005. Results found that an urban morphology of medium building height and lower density significantly yielded higher LST variation levels, whereas the lowest LST variation levels occurred in high-rise and high-dense building arrays. Compared to building height, building density had a stronger influence on LST. Medium SVF values produced the lowest LST, whereas the largest and smallest SVF values produced the highest LST. Results also showed how rule-based regression model offer great performance in detecting the nonlinear mechanisms of LST as well.     

DisTrad热像元分解模型运用于高植被覆盖区的问题及改进

验证了DisTrad热像元分解模型在华南地区的可行性,发现在高植被覆盖区,由于生物量高,NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)指数已接近饱和,在热像元分解时敏感性差。提出用EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)指数来代替DisTrad模型中的NDVI参数进行热像元分解。通过华南地区MODIS高分辨率EVI及NDVI资料(250 m)与地表温度(LST)的关系,获得了高分辨率(250 m)LST图像,并利用同步ASTER高分辨率LST图像(90 m)进行了验证。结果表明:即使在NDVI指数已接近饱和的高生物量地区,EVI指数仍然保持较高的敏感度,在高植被覆盖区(如华南地区)用EVI代替DisTrad模型中的NDVI指数能够减少运算量,并能获得更好的热像元分解结果。     

用带形状校正的腐蚀膨胀实现Euclidean距离变换

提出一种用带形状校正的腐蚀膨胀实现的Euclidean距离变换新算法。该方法的特点是采用新的数据结构——线段表来表示区域与边界。对于用线段表表示的区域作腐蚀膨胀比用卷积型腐蚀膨胀算法效率提高数十倍。通过总结腐蚀膨胀造成失真的规律,设计出形状校正的方法来消除所造成的误差。与传统基于局部距离累加的Chamfer算法相比较,该方法在保真度与处理效率两方面都有提高。新的距离变换算法也可用于数字图像的合成,优点是生成羽化蒙板时形状保真度高并且运行速度快。特别适用于任意形状区域可选宽度边界条带上的羽化处理。     

十屋断陷层序地层特征与生储盖组合

十屋断陷经历了早期断陷和晚期消亡两大发育阶段，依据不整合面及对应的整合面，可划分出2个超层序。4个层序，分别与构造演化阶段相匹配，层序A为断陷早期形成，层序B为断陷中期产物，层序C与断陷后期相当，而层序D是断陷向坳陷转化阶段形成，同时依据基准面旋回与次级不整合面，建立起年代地层格架及基准面变化曲线。系统地划分了各层序的体系域，各体系域的生储盖分析结果表明，低水位，高水位体系域具有较好的储集条件，水进体系域则具备良好的烃和封盖条件。之间相互组合形成了十屋断陷4个生储盖组合。     

内燃机缸套激光珩磨技术及其性能试验研究

激光表面微造型技术是改善摩擦副表面摩擦学性能的有效途径之一。基于声光调Q技术的二极管泵浦固体光源（DPSS）Nd:YAG激光器,采用“单脉冲同点间隔多次”激光微加工工艺,对CA6DF2-26型柴油机气缸套内孔表面进行激光珩磨加工。加工出的缸套网纹参数具有较好的一致性,达到了主机厂的技术要求。进行了激光珩磨缸套的台架综合性能试验研究,结果表明,采用激光珩磨缸套的发动机,其功率、扭矩、燃油消耗指标保持稳定,与采用传统平台珩磨网纹缸套的发动机相比,柴油机的机油油耗降低53％,漏气量降低近50％。