云南洱海东侧引水隧道地下水环境负效应探讨

为防止隧道施工引起地下水环境恶化,将环境负效应评价体系应用于云南洱海东侧引水隧道工程中。利用AHP层次分析法对环境负效应体系各项指标选取适宜的指标权重,对实例地质条件以及水文地质条件等的分析,并采用模糊综合评判法对洱海东侧引水隧洞工程进行地下水环境负效应评价。评价结果表明:大理某引水隧道在经过萂村段时,造成的地下水环境负效应为Ⅳ级,隧道两侧约5 000 m内将出现地下水位下降,并伴随出现一定范围的地面塌陷和岩溶塌陷,以及明显的地表水系流量减少和井泉点枯竭。研究成果可为该引水隧洞的施工及设计提供参考。     

African lake management initiatives: The global connection

There is a global dimension to lake management in Africa and elsewhere that will require a concerted action not only from individual riparian states, but also from regional, continental and global communities. The current global lake threats arise from climate change, regional land degradation and semivolatile contaminants, and share the common feature that the atmosphere is the vector that spreads their impacts over large areas and to many lakes. The Great Lakes of Africa (Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika) are particularly sensitive to these problems because of their enormous surface areas, slow water flushing rates, and the importance of direct rainfall in their water budgets. Their response times might be slow to yield a detectable change and, unfortunately, their recovery times might also be slow. It is possible for atmospheric effects to act antagonistically to the impacts of catchment change, but antagonistic effects could become synergistic in the future. Improved understanding of the physical dynamics of these lakes, and development of models linking their physical and biogeochemical behaviour to regional, mesoscale climate models, will be necessary to guide lake managers.     

The role of wind-wave related processes in redistributing river-derived terrigenous sediments in Lake Turkana: A modelling study

A complete annual cycle of the dynamics of fine-grained sediment supplied by the Omo and smaller rivers is simulated for Lake Turkana, one of the world’s large lakes, with the hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport model Delft3D. The model is forced with river liquid and solid discharge and wind data in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. It simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. A comparison of the simulation results with remotely-sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates validates the model. By devising simulation scenarios in which certain processes were switched on or off, we investigated the contribution of waves, wind-induced surface and bottom currents, salinity-induced stratification and river jet, in resuspending and transporting fine sediments in the lake basin. With only the wind or river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km off the Omo River mouth and at a depth < 10 m. When waves are switched on, increased bed shear stresses resuspend most of the fine sediments, that are then deposited further and deeper in the first 30 km, in water depths > 30 m. This study sheds new light on sediment transport in Lake Turkana and in great lakes in general, favouring the view that wind-waves can be the main agent that transports sediment away from river mouths and to deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume or gravity-driven transport.     

Life on a seamount: Lake charr at Stannard Rock,Lake Superior, 2011–2015

Lake Superior has four extant lake charr ecotypes including the ubiquitous lean (shallow-water form), the deep-water siscowet, and the less common, mid-depth redfin and humper forms. Stannard Rock is a distant seamount in Michigan waters that is a coveted recreational lean lake charr fishing destination. Lake charr at Stannard Rock were surveyed during 2011–2015 using gill nets set in waters <80 and ≥80 m to assess population status. All four ecotypes were found at Stannard Rock with leans being most abundant at depths <80 m and humpers and siscowets most abundant in waters ≥80 m. Few redfins were found. Total annual mortality was estimated to be 24% for leans, 18% for humpers, and 15% for siscowets. Population age and size structure of lake charr were broad with many fish older than 20 years and >700 mm. Asymptotic length was 891 mm for leans, 459 mm for humpers, and 938 mm for siscowets. Female length at 50% maturity was 547 mm for leans, 382 mm for humpers, and 453 mm for siscowets. Recreational fishery total harvest of leans peaked at 5,000 fish per year during 2011–2015. Overall, lake charr populations at Stannard Rock were healthy. Caution must be exercised because harvest levels were modest at Stannard Rock, which has a small area relative to nearshore lake charr habitat. These findings support the concept put forth by progressive recreational fishers that have advocated assigning Stannard Rock as a heritage fishery area with restrictive regulations to maintain its sustainability.     

面向水环境改善的城市河网动态水环境容量

为掌握城市河网动态水环境容量变化规律,构建了基于“空-地-水”一体化模型体系的城市河网动态水环境容量计算模型,以粤港澳大湾区惠州市金山湖流域为研究区域,定量核算了2017年金山湖流域COD和TP动态水环境容量。结果表明,模型模拟的流量、COD和TP浓度率定、验证的相对误差均在14.04%以内;2017年,金山湖流域COD和TP水环境容量整体呈先增大后减小的趋势,受降雨影响显著,逐日容量变化范围分别为238.55~3 027.49 kg/d和3.73~58.02 kg/d;枯水期水环境容量较小且与降水量负相关;丰水期的大雨或暴雨时期水环境容量明显提升,中小雨时期COD容量与降水量负相关,TP反之;保障生态基流能明显改善容量不足的问题,全年动态生态流量保障对金山湖流域水质达标率提升效果明显。     

Seventy years of food-web change in South Bay,Lake Huron

Though aquatic ecosystems (and the Laurentian Great Lakes in particular) have faced many stressors over the past century, including fisheries collapses and species invasions, rarely are data available to evaluate the long-term impacts of these stressors on food web structure. Stable isotopes of fish scales from the 1940s to the 2010s in South Bay, Lake Huron were used to quantify trophic position and resource utilization for fishes from offshore (alewife, cisco, lake trout, lake whitefish, rainbow smelt) and nearshore (rock bass, smallmouth bass, white sucker, yellow perch) habitats, providing one of the longest continuous characterizations of food webs in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mean δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values for each species were compared across twenty-year time periods. Using directional statistics, no significant community-wide changes were detected between time periods from 1947 to 1999. In contrast, a significant change was detected between 1980-1999 and 2000–2017, with all species showing increased reliance on nearshore resources. The increase in nearshore resource reliance for lake whitefish between these time periods was the greatest in magnitude compared with any other species between any two adjacent time periods. Besides lake whitefish, the increased reliance on nearshore resources was more pronounced for nearshore compared to offshore species. The timing of these shifts coincided with the invasion of dreissenid mussels and round goby, and declines in offshore productivity and prey densities. These results show the unprecedented magnitude of recent food-web change in Lake Huron after 50 years of relative stability.     

Satellite based lake bed elevation model of Lake Urmia using time series of Landsat imagery

This study presents a lake bed elevation model of Lake Urmia. In the course of model generation, a time series of the extent of the lake surface was derived from 129 satellite images with different acquisition dates based on the Landsat sensors Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Due to the rapid shrinking of the lake during the last two decades, lake surface areas ranging from 890 km² to 6125 km² could be covered. The water edge of the various lake extents was then linked to the observed water level on the day of the satellite image acquisition. The resulting contour lines, covering water levels between 1270.04 m and 1278.42 m a.s.l. and thus representing the lakebed morphology in its shallow parts, were merged with existing data (deeper parts) and interpolated to generate a lake bed elevation model. Finally, Lake Urmia’s Level-Area-Volume relationships were derived from the lake bed elevation model and compared to bathymetric data previously published.     

鄱阳湖区二期防洪工程监理实践与思考

介绍了国家１９９８年计划工程－鄱阳湖区二期防洪工程的监理情况，并结合本工程监理工作中遇到的一些问题，阐述了目前堤防工程监理工作的认识及解决问题的对策。     

Sediment distribution and accumulation in Lake Naivasha,Kenya over the past 50 years

Although surface waterbodies are water sources for socio‐economic activities and ecosystems, their functions are threatened by sedimentation. Sedimentation of lakes and reservoirs can result in a loss of storage capacity and altered water quality. The present study assessed the sedimentation status of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, based on sediment distribution and accumulation over the past 50 years, using a Bathymetric Survey System (BSS). The BSS uses multi‐frequency Acoustic Profiling System (APS) to map recently deposited sediments. Sediment core samples were collected with a vibe‐ coring device and dated. Sediment layers corresponding to a period of the past 20 and 50 years were identified. Sediment cores and acoustic images were subsequently used to determine sediment thickness within the lake. The collected depth data from multi‐frequency APS, and dated cores were processed in DepthPic and Surfer software. The sediment depth was extracted in DepthPic, while the sediment volume and distribution were generated from Surfer software. The results from present study indicated that sediment distribution varied from one part of the lake to another for the past 20 and 50 years. High sediment thickness observed in the south‐west and eastern parts of the lake. Between 1996–2016 and 1966–2016 periods, the maximum accumulated sediment thickness was found to be about 0.55 and 1.9 m, with an average sediment thickness of 0.25 and 0.56 m, respectively. The mean sediment load corresponding to the 1966–1996 and 1996–2016 periods was 2.78 × 10⁵ and 4.61 × 10⁵ t/year, respectively. It was found that sediment load into Lake Naivasha has been increasing in the recent past. Based on the present the study, it was found that combined use of BSS, sediment cores and dating can be adopted in many lakes and reservoirs to determine sediment thicknesses even where no prior bathymetric surveys exist for comparison.     

Indicators of the ecological stress and environmental susceptibility of Keenjhar Lake,Sindh, Pakistan

Keenjhar Lake, mega storage of drinking water for the residents of Karachi metropolis, agriculture cultivation and a well‐known recreational place, has been steadily contaminated. This study was aimed to understand the level of pollution and the reasons for a decrease in fish production over the past decade based on the available datasets. Focusing on some heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Pb, beyond limit can cause of human health risk, here we provide a critical review of the previous studies conducted to findout reasonable solutions to cope with rapid environmental changes. A multivariate approach of principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to test the relationships among physicochemical parameters in relation to the heavy metals. The first component PCI revealed 88.09%, variability in the loaded dataset and PCII II 6.05% of the total variations. A cluster analysis was established to delineate heavy metal intensity in the corresponding years. Results indicated that since 2012, there has been a steady increase in heavy metal concentration, which can subsequently pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is emphasized that carcinogenic health effects of such contamination on human health need to be investigated. However, over a decade datasets can solely fill knowledge gaps associated with framework conservation and management strategies.