基于多种方法的太湖综合水质评价比较

水污染是太湖主要的水环境问题之一,准确合理地评价太湖水质状况对该地区水环境治理具有至关重要的作用。利用单因子水质标志指数法、综合水质标志指数法、改进的综合水质标志指数法及基于污染物权重的灰色关联分析法对2004—2013年典型断面的水质进行评价,水质单项指标评价表明太湖东部及东南部污染较严重且主要污染物为NH3-N,与该地区水体富营养化现状一致,综合水质评价表明近年来太湖水质呈逐年转好的趋势;对比研究结果表明,综合水质标志指数和改进的综合水质标志指数更接近太湖水质的真实情况,其中改进的综合水质标志指数法考虑了最差污染因子对综合水质的影响,克服了单项指标算术平均带来的误差,能真实反映流域的污染状况,为水环境治理工作提供更可靠的依据。     

去藻247处理滇池藻类水的应用研究

滇池现属重富营养化水体。本文采用国外一种新型除藻剂去藻247用于处理滇池水样。投加四个不同浓度的除藻剂,通过监测叶绿素a、总磷的变化,得出去藻247在处理滇池水样时对叶绿素和总磷有较好的去除效果,其中当投加量为4mg／L时效果最佳,对叶绿素和总磷的去除率分别达到：56．7％和38．9％。     

太湖水体悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型及MERIS数据反演

根据太湖悬浮颗粒物生物光学特性建立的悬浮颗粒物红外单波段生物光学模型具有明确的机理性.利用2006年至2009年野外实测悬浮颗粒物浓度和水体光学数据对该生物光学模型进行检验和分析.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物比后向散射系数的时空差异是影响总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度的主要因素.总悬浮颗粒物在红外波长的吸收系数对总悬浮颗粒物生物光学模型精度也具有显著的影响.根据中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERIS)悬浮颗粒物 反演结果和野外实测风速数据,太湖沉积物再悬浮将显著增加水体中悬浮颗粒物的含量.     

Distribution and carbon isotope composition of lipid biomarkers in Lake Erhai and Lake Gahai sediments on the Tibetan Plateau

Lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopes of n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, and n-alkan-2-ones were used to determine organic carbon sources to surface sediments in lakes Erhai and Gahai on the Tibetan Plateau. All sediment samples contained n-fatty acids with lower concentrations of n-alkanes and n-alkan-2-ones. Long chain n-alkanes in lake sediments were characteristic of a source mixture of epicuticular waxes of higher plants and submerged littoral zone plants while n-fatty acids sources were bacteria and floating and/or submergent macrophytes; the n-alkan-2-ones had a possible source in epicuticular waxes of higher plants and/or grass from catchment which entered the lake and were reworked by the microorganisms. Sediment samples examined from Lake Erhai had heavier δ¹³C values of bulk organic carbon and specific carbon compounds than samples from Lake Gahai and meadow soil. This heavier isotopic composition can be best interpreted by the enhanced productivity occurring in Lake Erhai due to its lower salinity and possibly to limited CO₂ concentrations; for the latter, this may have enriched ¹³C in the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of the lake water.     

洞庭湖区土地覆被对长江水位变化的响应分析

为了研究长江水位的变化对洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响,基于洞庭湖区近26 a土地覆被遥感影像的解译成果,分别构建了东洞庭湖区和西+南洞庭湖区水域、泥滩、草洲、芦苇地、裸地和防护林面积与对应时段城陵矶水位之间的回归方程。分析结果显示：东洞庭湖区水域、泥滩、草洲面积和西+南洞庭湖区水域面积与城陵矶水位之间具有极显著的相关关系,而芦苇地、裸地和防护林等面积与城陵矶水位之间的关系并不显著;城陵矶水位变化对东洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响明显高于对西+南洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响。此外,依据所构建回归方程,预测长江上游大型梯级电站运行将导致洞庭湖区呈现泥滩和草洲挤占水域的态势。     

粉末活性炭强化处理高藻微污染水

以太湖水为原水,进行了粉末活性炭强化处理高藻微污染水的试验研究。设计正交试验,考察改变混凝剂投加量、粉末活性炭投加量、投加点以及pH值等因素对粉末活性炭助凝效果的影响。研究了粉末活性炭强化混凝工艺对除藻及藻毒素的效果。结果表明,在pH值小于5的酸性条件以及较高混凝剂投加量下,适当投加粉末活性炭具有很好的助凝效果,能有效降低出水浊度、增加有机物的去除率;且投加粉末活性炭后能有效提高藻毒素的去除率。     

Copper content in lake sediments as a tracer of urban emissions: Evaluation through a source-transport-storage model

A coupled source-transport-storage model was developed to determine the origin and path of copper from materials/goods in use in the urban drainage area and the fate of copper in local recipient lakes. The model was applied and tested using five small lakes in Stockholm, Sweden. In the case of the polluted lakes Råcksta Träsk, Trekanten and Långsjön, the source strengths of copper identified by the model were found to be well linked with independently observed copper contents in the lake sediments through the model. The model results also showed that traffic emissions, especially from brake linings, dominated the total load in all five cases. Sequential sedimentation and burial proved to be the most important fate processes of copper in all lakes, except Råcksta Träsk, where outflow dominated. The model indicated that the sediment copper content can be used as a tracer of the urban diffuse copper source strength, but that the response to changes in source strength is fairly slow (decades). Major uncertainties in the source model were related to management of stormwater in the urban area, the rate of wear of brake linings and weathering of copper roofs. The uncertainty of the coupled model is in addition affected mainly by parameters quantifying the sedimentation and bury processes, such as particulate fraction, settling velocity of particles, and sedimentation rate. As a demonstration example, we used the model to predict the response of the sediment copper level to a decrease in the copper load from the urban catchment in one of the case study lakes.     

城市湖泊型湿地公园景观营建研究——以东湖国家湿地公园为例

该文以武汉市东湖国家湿地公园为研究对象,通过对东湖国家湿地公园的现状调查,结合湿地公园景观营建相关资料,分析了东湖国家湿地公园与武汉市及东湖风景区的关系,阐述了东湖国家湿地公园中景观构成要素的营建方式。在此基础上,归纳了城市湖泊型湿地公园的特性,并分别从植被、湖岸带、水环境及人工设施等方面分析探讨城市湖泊型湿地公园景观营建方法。通过对东湖国家湿地公园的景观营建分析及城市湖泊型湿地公园景观营建方法的探索,为完善东湖湿地公园建设及城市湖泊型湿地公园景观营建提供指导策略及参考。     

鄱阳湖现代冲淤动态分析

通过对鄱阳湖现代动力分析,分析了鄱阳湖物质来源主要是五河带来的泥沙为主,水流是输沙的主要动力,叙述了五河入湖口扩散区、湖体冲淤动态。     

超滤-纳滤组合工艺对东太湖原水的处理效果

随着工业化进程的不断加快,东太湖水质日趋恶化,给常规处理增加了很大的处理难度。针对水源污染问题和给水深度处理的需要,开展了超滤-纳滤双膜组合工艺处理东太湖原水的中试研究,考察双膜工艺对出水水质的提升效果。结果表明,超滤-纳滤双膜工艺对水质常规指标具有较好的去除效果,CODMn和TOC的去除率分别为91.7%和90%;对荧光类物质的去除主要表现在对芳香族蛋白质、类富里酸物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除;此外,双膜组合工艺对小分子二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)的去除率分别为70%和77%,表明该工艺对水中主要致嗅物质具有良好的去除能力。