放射性核素在页岩和黄土中的迁移研究

介绍了 8 5Sr和 1 34 Cs在页岩 ,85Sr、1 34 Cs和 6 0 Co在黄土中的迁移研究结果。在页岩中 85Sr、1 34 Cs的滞留因子分别为 80～ 1 0 2和 1 60 0 0 ,分配系数分别为 1 5～ 2 5 m L/ g和 41 85 m L/ g;85Sr、1 34 Cs和 6 0 Co在黄土中的滞留因子分别为 45 0～ 5 3 0、4.1× 1 0 4 ～ 4.6× 1 0 4 和 3 .2× 1 0 4 ～ 3 .6× 1 0 4 ,分配系数分别为 80～ 86m L/ g、7.3× 1 0 3～ 7.5× 1 0 3m L/ g和 5 .7× 1 0 3～ 5 .8× 1 0 3m L/ g。结果表明 ,页岩对 85Sr和 1 34 Cs有较强的吸附性 ,黄土对 85Sr、1 34 Cs和 6 0 Co的吸附性极强。     

237Np、238Pu和241Am在包气带黄土中迁移的模拟实验

本文介绍了237Np、238Pu和241Am在包气带黄土中迁移的模拟实验方法和结果.实验土柱尺寸为φ280 mm×1200 mm,示踪源层由示踪核素的硝酸盐溶液与石英砂(40～80目)混合后风干形成,尺寸280 mm×5 mm,核素迁移实验在喷淋(5.5～5.6 mm/d)条件下进行.对于237Np在土柱内垂向分布和迁移速度,实验期间用γ谱仪进行柱外直接测量.同时在实验进行1073 d和665 d后分别对1#和2#土柱中的237Np、238Pu和 241Am进行解体取样测量.经1073 d,237Np、238Pu和241Am在1#柱内比活度峰位分别向下迁移3.25、0.25和0.25 cm,其平均迁移速度分别为3.03×10-3、2.33×10-4和2.33×10-4cm/d.经665 d后2#柱内三种核素比活度峰位分别向下迁移1.25、0.25和0.25 cm,其平均迁移速度分别为1.88×10-3、3.76×10-4和3.76×10-4cm/d.237Np、238Pu和 241Am三种核素的比活度分布质心在1#和2#柱内分别向下迁移2.79、0.73、-0.09 cm和1.48、0.41、-0.27 (1073 d)和2#(665 d)柱内 237Np、 238Pu和 241Am垂向扩散参数σx(t)分别为1.29×10-3、9.86×10-4、5.03×10-4和2.00×10-3、2.12×10-3、1.08×10-3 #cm;在1cm;其延迟系数分别为1.03×103、3.93×104、3.18×104和1.17×103、4.25×103、6.45×103.由于石英砂和黄土是两种不同介质,在示踪源层处核素比活度分布呈现"低谷"现象.     

Experimental Study on Moisture Migration in Unsaturated Loess under Effect of Temperature

In this paper, moisture migration in loess considering temperature effect is studied by tests on unsaturated loess samples with different densities and initial moisture contents. Test results reveal that obvious changes in moisture content distribution in a loess sample can be observed after temperature difference is exerted on the two ends of the sample. Moisture content at the cold end increases and that at the hot end decreases. Under the effect of temperature difference, moisture content difference at the two ends of a soil sample is related to the initial moisture content, soil density, and magnitude of the temperature difference. Generally speaking, larger temperature differences and smaller soil densities result in more obvious moisture migration and larger moisture content differences at the two ends of the soil sample. When the initial moisture content is large, the moisture content difference caused by a temperature difference is small; when the initial moisture content is small, the moisture content difference caused by a temperature difference is also small; when the initial moisture content is moderate, the moisture content difference caused by a temperature difference is large. After the analysis of test results, taking the soil density and moisture content into account, a formula is obtained to determine the moisture content gradient resulting from the temperature gradient. Reliability of the formula is verified by comparing the measured and calculated data. Because of the reverse migration of liquid water and water vapor at the end of the experiment, it is difficult to determine the thermal potential and matrix potential. Based on the experimental data, this paper probes into the water potential equation that can be used for stability analysis. The equation considers the comprehensive impact of soil density, temperature gradient, moisture content, and moisture content gradient on water potential. It only applies to analyze stable distributions of temperature and does not apply to unstable temperature distributions.     

基于TSEB平行模型的黄土丘陵沟壑区蒸散发遥感估算

复杂地形条件下和干旱半干旱植被稀疏条件下的蒸散发遥感估算一直是蒸散发区域遥感估算的难点、热点问题。针对黄土丘陵沟壑区地表起伏、覆被不均一、植被稀疏的特征,选择陕甘交界区为研究区,利用Landsat TM资料求取地表特征参数和地表能量平衡各参量,采用TSEB平行模型反演出该区域的瞬时土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤-植被总蒸散发量,经过尺度转换,得到日蒸散量;并利用附加阻抗法和FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算实际蒸散发,对TSEB平行模型法遥感估算结果进行了间接精度评价,比较验证结果表明TSEB平行模型法估算的蒸散发结果合理,精高较高。     

Modified vegetation-erosion dynamics model and its application in typical watersheds in the Loess Plateau

The vegetation-erosion model was applied in three typical watersheds of hilly and gully area in the Loess Plateau in northwestern China to study the dynamic relations between vegetation coverage and soil erosion rate and various stresses. The model was improved by introducing rainfall and runoff factors. Then the modified model was applied in the Luergou and Luoyugou watersheds. The calculation results with the modified model were compared with the results of the original model. The precisioos of simulated vegetation coverage and soil erosion rate with the modified model were greatly improved compared with the original model. Soil erosion rate reduced with increasing vegetation coverage and the human disturbance caused high soil erosion.     

Geomagnetic polarity transitions recorded in the Miocene lavas of the Wuyu basin,Tibet

Geomagnetic polarity transitions were the most important phenomena in the study of the geomagnetic field evolution and the earth's deep interior dynamics.The Miocene postcollisional ultrapotassic-potassic rocks are widely distributed in the Lhasa Block of southern Tibet.Paleomagnetic studies on the Wuyu Formation indicated that these volcanic rocks recorded the C5Bn.2n-C5Bn.1r and C5ACr-C5ACn geomagnetic polarity transitions.The virtual geomagnetic poles(VGPs) of these two polarity transitions were located ...     

Thick Miocene eolian deposits on the Huajialing Mountains:The geomorphic evolution of the western Loess Plateau

The geomorphic evolution of northwestern China during the Cenozoic has been a subject of much geological interest because of its link with the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan complex.Much information about these changes is recoverable from the sedimentary sequences of the region.We report here on the thick eolian deposits mantling the Huajialing Mountains,a relatively flat mountain range in the western Loess Plateau.Correlation of magnetic susceptibility stratigraphy with the QA-I Miocene eolian sequence da...     

Rheological and micro-Raman time-series characterization of enzyme sol–gel solution toward morphological control of electrospun fibers

Abstract

Rheological and micro-Raman time-series characterizations were used to investigate the chemical evolutionary changes of silica sol–gel mixtures for electrospinning fibers to immobilize an enzyme (tyrosinase). Results of dynamic rheological measurements agreed with the expected structural transitions associated with reacting sol–gel systems. The electrospinning sols exhibited shear-thinning behavior typical of a power law model. Ultrafine (200–300 nm diameter) fibers were produced at early and late times within the reaction window of approximately one hour from initial mixing of sol solutions with and without enzyme; diameter distributions of these fibers showed much smaller deviations than expected. The enzyme markedly increased magnitudes of both elastic and viscous moduli but had no significant impact on final fiber diameters, suggesting that the shear-thinning behavior of both sol–gel mixtures is dominant in the fiber elongation process. The time course and scale for the electrospinning batch fabrication show strong correlations between the magnitudes in rheological property changes over time and the chemical functional group evolution obtained from micro-Raman time-series analysis of the reacting sol–gel systems.     

青藏高原自然保护地与乡村社区共生模式研究——以孟达国家级自然保护区为例

通过对青藏高原自然保护地建设问题的分析,认为保护地与乡村社区二者关系的研究是保护地建设的关键。根据对保护地与乡村社区关系的回顾,认为从空间营造的角度探讨保护地与乡村社区共生模式是解决青藏高原保护地建设的重要途径之一。以孟达国家级自然保护区为例,分析保护区与乡村社区共生关系的形成、演变机制,提出保护区与乡村社区共生界面——小流域是问题研究的重点。分析共生界面的特征,提出3种尺度的营造策略——小流域景观规划、乡村聚落重构与绿色建筑营造。流域尺度强调上游河源区的生态保护,中游河谷的生态保育和下游河口区的生态修复;聚落尺度提出将社区作为景观资源与旅游设施的重构策略;院落尺度利用绿色建筑技术营造新型民居,实现重构聚落的核心内容和小流域景观规划的重点环节,回应保护区资源环境保护与社区发展之间的矛盾关系,促进保护区与社区共生模式的形成。     

生态混凝土在青藏高原地区的试验研究及工程应用

通过进行试验室和青海省西宁市湟水河河道治理工程现场试验,研究了骨料种类与级配、水泥用量、水灰比、SR-3 和 SR-4 添加剂的选用及掺量比例对生态混凝土性能(强度、孔隙率、透水系数、酸碱度等)的影响,在试验和分析的基础上开发出适合于高原严酷环境的具有护坡、植生等功能的生态混凝土.