不同引渠形式下深式短管进口泄流能力的试验研究

为研究红岩河水库导流泄洪洞深式短管进口引渠形式由明渠改成涵洞后对其泄洪能力的影响,对其在明渠和涵洞两种形式下分别做水工模型试验,验证其水力特性。结果表明,较明渠形式,涵洞形式下的导流泄洪洞同水位下泄流量有不同程度的减小,下泄流量减小在导流泄洪洞进口为压力流状态时表现明显,且减小值随水位的升高而变大;大坝度汛期100年一遇洪水时,试验下泄流量较设计下泄流量约小6.35%;运行期100年一遇洪水时,试验下泄流量较设计下泄流量约小6.51%;运行期2 000年一遇洪水时,试验下泄流量较设计下泄流量约小6.95%。建议在将红岩河水库导流泄洪洞深式短管进口引渠由明渠改成涵洞形式后,需关注导流泄洪洞的下泄流量减小问题,避免由于水库下泄流量不足引起的大坝安全问题。     

山区河流浅水条件下漂石对河床响应与泥沙补给影响的试验研究

受暴雨洪水与滑坡、泥石流灾害的影响,山区河流床沙多为宽级配卵砾石泥沙,甚至出现较多的漂石,从而影响近底水流结构与推移质输移特性。基于野外漂石河流的调查,通过概化试验,探讨了漂石颗粒对河床冲淤的影响;对比分析了不同水沙条件下漂石对推移质输沙率过程的影响;根据床面粗化程度与漂石状态相异的两种类型对比试验,探讨了漂石对不同水沙条件下推移质输沙率的影响程度。初步表明：随着漂石颗粒相对暴露度（D/h,漂石等效粒径与平均水深之比）的减少,漂石对其尾部区域水流的混掺越加突出,从而对河床的冲刷能力变大;根据本试验采用的水沙参数,漂石对推移质输沙率的扩大效应为几倍至十几倍。     

时间尺度对平原感潮河网水动力水质模拟精度的影响

为探究不同时间尺度边界入流条件对平原感潮河网水动力水质模型模拟精度的影响,以典型平原感潮河网地区的张家港市中部为研究区域,结合野外同步监测数据、自动高频监测数据、常规监测资料等构建了水动力水质模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:时间尺度、开始取值时刻以及调度情况均会影响模拟精度;研究区域边界入流条件、水动力模拟结果和水质模拟结果可信的最大时间尺度为1 h,水质模拟精度优于水动力模拟精度。     

甬江感潮河流上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响

为分析甬江上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响,基于Delft3D数学模型开展了典型潮洪条件下甬江上下游不同码头群对河道水流特性的影响研究,结果表明:单段码头群位置距河口越远,或码头分布越密集,引起的水位壅高程度越大;在不同码头群共同产生壅水影响的区域,全河段码头群引起的河道洪水位变化比各码头群单独影响时增大,在不同码头群产生水位壅高和降低影响的河段,全河段码头群作用下水位影响部分相抵,但由于降低幅度小于壅高幅度,河道洪水位变化仍呈增大状态;码头群工程局部流速减少区域和外侧河道流速增加区域均呈带状分布,全河段码头群联合作用加剧了单段码头群引起的河道流速的变化且流速减小程度较流速增加程度大。     

秦淮区北部水系引补水方案模拟

为获取南京市秦淮区北部片区新建净水站的建设规模和补水线路,采用MIKE11的HD、AD模块耦合建立秦淮区北部片区河网一维水质模型,以氨氮和悬浮物作为研究对象,对不同补水规模和补水线路下的片区水质变化情况进行模拟。结果表明,从水质改善效果和经济角度分析,18万t/d建设规模和出水管接至外秦淮河副支的方案组合较为适宜。     

外秦淮河武定门闸上游减淤物理模型试验

针对南京市外秦淮河武定门闸上游近年来发生泥沙淤积严重的问题,建立了武定门闸河段物理模型,设定两种方案进行悬沙冲淤试验,分析偏转角为15°的导流墙工程对闸上游的减淤作用。结果表明:方案1(将闸门至上游60 m开挖至设计断面),设置导流墙后,经过2年8个月的水沙过程,整治段淤积量减少30.4%;方案2(将闸门至上游240 m开挖至设计断面),设置导流墙后,经过1个典型水文年,整治段淤积量减少50.8%,经过2个典型水文年,淤积量减少44.0%,减淤幅度下降,河床趋于形成新的冲淤平衡,断面地形也趋向于均匀分布;设置偏转角为15°的导流墙对武定门闸上游河道有显著的减淤作用,有助于提高河道的过流能力。     

Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management

River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.     

Influence of habitat heterogeneity and bed surface complexity on benthic invertebrate diversity in a gravel‐bed river

Maintaining or restoring physical habitat diversity is a central tenet of sustainable river management, yet a link between habitat and ecological diversity in fluvial systems has long remained equivocal. The lack of consistent evidence partly reflects the problems of characterizing habitat in ways that are ecologically meaningful. This paper assesses the influence of habitat heterogeneity and complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a mountain gravel‐bed river. With the use of 0.1‐m resolution data obtained from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, heterogeneity and complexity in hydraulic conditions and bed topography were characterized using 13 metrics applied to 30 areas, each 1 m², with an invertebrate sample collected from each area. Turnover of invertebrate taxa (i.e., β‐diversity) between sampled areas was rather limited, but observed differences in diversity were related significantly to several metrics of habitat heterogeneity. Invertebrate abundance was related to habitat diversity, patch size coefficient of variation, and patch size, whereas the Shannon diversity was related to the number of patches and patch size. None of the habitat complexity metrics accounted for a significant amount of observed variation in invertebrate communities between sampled areas. The paper demonstrates that high‐resolution data can help reveal relationships between habitat and benthic invertebrate diversity.     

In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment in riverine ecosystems

Construction activities within the wetted‐perimeter of rivers, referred to as in‐stream construction, are prevalent economically and environmentally motivated activities having direct interactions with sensitive lotic environments. Currently, there is a paucity of research related to in‐stream construction activities and their effects on aquatic ecosystems. In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment may result in harmful effects to aquatic flora and fauna. Regulatory frameworks worldwide focus primarily on concentration, with limited consideration for duration and no consideration for spatial extents of suspended sediment exposures. This research develops theoretical concentration, duration, and spatial extent exposure risk relationships for riverine ecosystems to demonstrate the influence of each mechanism during typical in‐stream construction activities. To reduce exposure risk, concentration and duration may be considered pragmatically, based on anticipated activity characteristics and site conditions. Spatial exposure characteristics are important to consider, as illustrated by our finding that activities located near the channel centerline may result in greater exposure risk than similar activities conducted near the streambank. Current regulatory frameworks worldwide do not sufficiently consider all exposure risk mechanisms present during in‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment releases, possibly inhibiting efforts to reduce adverse environmental effects. This research improves our understanding of suspended sediment in lotic environments and may help environmental managers better evaluate and manage in‐stream construction activities.     

照片数量对SfM动床河工模型地形三维重构的影响研究

SfM是摄影测量领域近年来飞速发展的三维场景重构技术,目前已在地貌勘测、文物勘察、冰川演化、岩石勘探、土壤侵蚀等研究领域开展了大量尝试和应用,而在河工模型方面的应用研究尚处于起步阶段。本文开展了输入照片数量对SfM法动床河工模型地形三维数字高程地形(DEM)重构精度影响研究,采用4个不同视角对河工模型动床冲淤地形进行拍摄,选取不同数量照片作为输入开展SfM法三维地形DEM重构,然后将每组DEM重构结果与传统测针法测量进行对比。结果表明,当照片数量较少时,增加照片数量可改善SfM重构精度,但当照片数量较多时,虽可为SfM提供更多的床面变化图像信息,但同时带来由于特征点成像变化而引起的误匹配现象,反而可能导致SfM重构精度下降。鉴于不同动床模型的模型沙和光照等外部条件不同,实际应用时须针对不同模型的特点进行深入对比和分析,选取合理的照片张数开展SfM法动床冲淤地形测量。