中小型河流治理与生态景观建设的结合

河道治理工程不应局限于河道主体的功能性建设,应充分利用水体的自然性及观赏性,恢复其生态水系景观功能,为人类提供一个良好的生活及休闲环境。     

辽宁省中小河流治理综合整治新理念

在中国江河防洪体系中,与大江大河相比,中小河流有着数量多、分布广的特点,目前普遍存在的问题就是因没有经过系统有效的治理,河道萎缩严重、河道内垃圾淤积、河道功能衰退等,常遇洪水下就有可能发生洪涝灾害,所以对中小河流治理是十分必要和紧迫的。文章以辽宁省的中小河流治理工程为对象,探讨建立中小河流长效保护机制以及对中小河流进行治理的措施,为辽宁省中小河流以后的治理工作提供一些参考。     

河湖普查山地河流平均比降校核方法的探讨

2010—2012年第一次全国水利普查是新中国成立以来第一次全面的水利调查。普查共分8个专项,其中河湖普查开展最早,河湖普查是国务院第一次全国水利普查的主要任务,也是其他水利专项普查的基础。流域水系自然特征校核是河湖特征一项重要的工作,其中对于国普办提取的河流平均比降数据进行校核是一项重要的工作。     

平原地区农村河道治理模式初探

平原地区农村河道落差小,水流缓,流速低。目前农村河道存在水体污染淤积严重、河网水面面积减少等问题,如何科学治理、创新治理,就显得特别重要。针对当前平原地区农村河道现状,探索了平原河道治理的原则、目的、思路和措施。     

急弯段闸孔出流的弯道水流特性研究

在河弯处修建水工建筑物时,研究弯道水流特性对水工建筑物布置的影响十分重要。采用RNCκ-ε紊流模型对急弯段闸孔出流的弯道水流进行了三维数值模拟。通过模拟计算,比较分析了急弯段不同闸位、不同流量条件下闸孔过流时的流速分布、紊流动能、压强分布和环流等相关水流特性与变化规律。分析研究结果表明,闸坝位于弯道上游时,弯道对闸坝过流的影响最小,但需对闸坝下流弯道凸岸岸坡附近区域采取一定的防护措施;闸坝布置在弯道中游时,过闸水流受弯道的影响最小,闸室水流的稳定性、闸门的工作安全以及闸墩的空蚀破坏都是实际工程中需要注意的重点。数值模拟验证与物理模型试验结果吻合较好,计算精度较高,能够满足相关计算研究要求。     

巢湖兆河分洪闸泄流特性试验研究

受周边地形条件及环境限制,巢湖兆河分洪闸与河道呈垂直布置,进流条件不利。针对分洪闸与河道垂直布置这一特征,分别对开敞式和涵洞式分洪闸进行了水工模型进口流态试验分析,结果表明涵洞式分洪闸进流流态优于开敞式分洪闸,能更好地保证各闸孔的均匀进流。针对涵洞式分洪闸方案,研究了分洪闸敞泄和控泄的泄流能力,指出敞泄状态下进口行近流速对流量计算影响明显,在水闸规划设计中,应计入行近流速影响。为改善消能效果及出口水流与下游的衔接,进行了多方案消能防冲改进试验,结果表明尾坎作为一种冲击式消能工布置在挖深式消力池末端,可使出口水流流速分布更加均匀并与下游水流衔接更为平顺,明显增强消能防冲效果。     

Why do fish strand? An analysis of ten years of flow reduction monitoring data from the Columbia and Kootenay rivers,Canada

Stranding of fish due to flow reductions has been documented in the near shore of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, Canada, and can result in sub‐lethal or lethal effects on fish. Ten years (1999–2009) of monitoring data have been collected at sites below two hydro‐electric dams (Hugh‐L‐Keenleyside and Brilliant Dam) following flow reductions. A generalized linear mixed effects model analysed the probability of a stranding event in relation to environmental and operational variables including the rate of change in the water levels, the duration of shoreline inundation prior to a reduction (wetted history), the river stage, the magnitude of the reduction, distance downstream from the dam, time of day, day of year (season) and whether a site had been physically altered to mitigate stranding. The results demonstrated statistically significant effects on stranding risk from minimum river stage, day of the year and whether a site had been physically re‐contoured. The combination of investigated factors giving the highest probability of stranding was a large magnitude reduction completed in the afternoon in midsummer, at low water levels when the near shore had been inundated for a long period. This research is significant in its approach to assessing years of ecosystem scale monitoring data and using the modelling results to determine ways for these findings to be applied in regulated river management to minimize fish stranding. It also highlighted data gaps that require addressing and provides ecosystem scale results to compare with stranding studies carried out in mesocosms. © 2014 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Importance of Reservoir Tributaries to Spawning of Migratory Fish in the Upper Paraná River

Regulation of rivers by dams transforms previously lotic reaches above the dam into lentic ones and limits or prevents longitudinal connectivity, which impairs access to suitable habitats for the reproduction of many migratory fish species. Frequently, unregulated tributaries can provide important habitat heterogeneity to a regulated river and may mitigate the influence of impoundments on the mainstem river. We evaluated the importance of tributaries to spawning of migratory fish species over three spawning seasons, by comparing several abiotic conditions and larval fish distributions in four rivers that are tributaries to an impounded reach of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Our study confirmed reproduction of at least 8 long‐distance migrators, likely nine, out of a total of 19 occurring in the Upper Paraná River. Total larval densities and percentage species composition differed among tributaries, but the differences were not consistent among spawning seasons and unexpectedly were not strongly related to annual differences in temperature and hydrology. We hypothesize that under present conditions, densities of larvae of migratory species may be better related to efficiency of fish passage facilities than to temperature and hydrology. Our study indicates that adult fish are finding suitable habitat for spawning in tributaries, fish eggs are developing into larvae, and larvae are finding suitable rearing space in lagoons adjacent to the tributaries. Our findings also suggest the need for establishment of protected areas in unregulated and lightly regulated tributaries to preserve essential spawning and nursery habitats. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高原河流生态保护模式初探——以地震灾后重建“两河”生态保护为例

与平原河流相比,高原河流具有独特的水动力、地质地貌和生态特点。以青海省玉树州结古镇2010年遭受的地震为背景,在对现状进行充分调研、分析的基础上,查找存在的问题,立足治理需求,在满足防洪排涝要求的基础上,提出生态环境改善和景观水文化重建模式,为结古镇未来的经济社会发展和人民生活提供安全、舒适的水利支撑。将生态水力学与工程水力学相结合,根据扎西科河和巴塘河的特点(水文、地理和气候特征),以当地鱼类为保护目标,采用近自然修复技术,确定了河道的平面形态和断面型式。结合《结古镇地震灾后重建总体规划》,对滨水空间进行了划分,并根据有关规范对三线进行了界定。同时对河道的管理提出了一些建设性意见,可对扎西科河和巴塘河的可持续发展提供参考,对流域的治理和保护工作提供借鉴。     

南水北调中线水源工程移民安置

阐述了南水北调中线工程,论证过程,移民安置的任务、规划、实施结果及评价。经终验委员会审议,南水北调丹江口水库大坝加高工程建设征地补偿和移民安置蓄水前终验评定为合格,能够满足丹江口水库大坝加高后蓄水的要求。