Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Abstract

The Uzbek socio-economic structure is characterized by the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-orientated economy, with a shifting from agricultural production to industrial development. However, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role in a general economy of the country. The major water sector strategy is to decrease the dependence of agricultural production on climate by introducing advanced irrigation techniques and water saving methods to achieve future sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection. Water management policy should be flexible enough to adapt to new demands. The regulation of consumption through demand management tools, such as appropriate pricing policies, has recently received greater attention in Uzbekistan. The main thesis of this paper is that allocation of water resources cannot be separated from ecological and economic considerations. The establishment of development objectives and the identification of constraints are also discussed. In the coming years, special attention will need to be paid to the control of water pollution and land salinization, water resources conservation, and acknowledging that actions to increase water productivity are as important as finding additional sources of water.     

Institutional factors affecting fish passage in the Columbia River Treaty renegotiation

ABSTRACT

The United States and Canada have begun renegotiating the Columbia River Treaty, which is an international model for transboundary water governance. This paper identifies six institutional factors that will affect negotiations pertaining to fish passage during the renegotiation of the treaty: geographical advantage, issue linkage, a basin commission, the duration of agreements, negotiating autonomy and side payments. These factors and the methods used to determine them can be applied to other transboundary river basins where basin states have a history of transboundary resource governance. This analysis also serves as a policy-relevant resource for Columbia River Treaty negotiators and stakeholders.     

中型山区河流水电站下游的鱼类生态需水量计算

为更好地对河流水电开发后的鱼类进行保护,探讨中型山区河流水电站下游的鱼类生态需水量计算.参照大型河流鱼类水力生境参数标准,根据中型山区河流的特点,得到中型山区河流鱼类水力生境参数的参考标准.选取有代表性的四川中型山区河流杂谷脑河进行鱼类生境原型观测,原型观测结果证实了该参考标准能够满足杂谷脑河鱼类对生境的实际需求.基于所得到的参考标准,应用生态水力学法对杂谷脑河红叶二级、理县以及甘堡3座电站减水河段的鱼类生态需水量进行计算分析,得到3座电站的生态需水量推荐值.通过分析可知,所得到的生态需水量推荐值占年均天然流量以及设计引用流量的比例都不高,在3座电站的运行实践中,具有可操作性.     

黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置研究

针对流域水土流失的灾害性、泥沙利用现状及泥沙优化配置的必要性,基于大系统分解-协调思想的流域泥沙优化配置原理与流域各子系统的泥沙多目标优化配置方法,构建了流域泥沙优化配置理论框架。进而建立了黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置数学模型,该模型包括相互联系的各子系统、各分区和大系统三级泥沙优化配置数学模型,开展了不同水沙条件的黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置方案计算,对计算结果进行了评价并提出了建议方案,为黄河上中游流域泥沙的科学治理提供了参考依据。     

中国西南易旱地区识别的探讨

利用中国西南地区13个气象站56年以上的长系列月降雨量资料,统计分析了降雨的多年变化、季节变化特征,以及连续少雨时间段事件,探讨了易旱区识别的定性定量分析方法,初步建立了气象易旱区识别指标及标准,将5个地区识别为易旱地区,5个地区识别为较易旱地区,3个地区识别为不易旱地区,将6个地区识别为易发长时间干旱地区,并对识别方法进行了讨论,为进一步的易旱区综合识别研究提出了建议。     

宁夏北部引黄灌区高效节水灌溉发展思路与建议

在总结引黄灌区高效节水灌溉成就基础上,分析了灌区高效节水灌溉推广存在的问题,提出了灌区发展高效节水灌溉的思路与模式.结合灌区“十二五”高效节水灌溉规划,提出了推广高效节水灌溉的建议,认为要推动灌区高效节水技术广泛应用,在政府的扶持、调控和引导下,除了设计单位优化设计、确定合理灌溉制度,施工单位保质保量完成工程外,还需抓好推广服务体系建设,开展节水设备产品检测认证工作,并进行节水技术培训与宣传工作.     

Discrete choice in commuter space: Small area analysis of diurnal population change in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region

Considerations of metropolitan commuting have often related to urban space as a continuum, and to commuting itself as a process. This approach has led to escalating complexity in the measurement, modeling and analysis of commuting, often with no commensurate results. The present study extends an alternative approach that considers commuter space of a metropolis as a discrete set of small areas. Each small area throughout the metropolis is a nighttime location of some households and, as a possible discrete destination choice of individuals within households, each subarea is also a daytime location of some persons. Each subarea, therefore, may be thought of as attaining two values, corresponding to its daytime (e.g., noontime) and nighttime (e.g., midnight) populations. The diurnal demographic shift of subareas, as a set of binary events, or toggles, between daytime and nighttime populations, is associated with commuter access throughout the metropolis. Diurnal shift offers structural simplicity aimed at estimating small-area daytime populations across a metropolitan region that might suitably precede and complement conventional continuum considerations of commuting. Using data for the Tokyo Metropolitan Region, we identify average household size as the nighttime indicator of small-areas, and daytime population density as their daytime indicator. The potential for the estimation of daytime populations across metropolitan regions where daytime population data are unavailable, is underscored by the clear tendency towards inverse relation of these two indicators of diurnal shift.     

Maximum speedup ratio curve (MSC) in parallel computing of the binary-tree-based drainage network

Restricted computational capacity has become a key factor in limiting the development of a majority of distributed basin models. Parallel computing is one of the most effective methods for solving this problem. Although many parallel-computing methods have been employed in basin models, few studies have carried out theoretical research on parallel characteristics of river basins. In this paper, the drainage network of river basins is treated as a binary-tree structure. Using the binary-tree theory, we find that there exists a maximum speedup curve (MSC) for an arbitrary drainage network. The x-coordinate of the MSC represents the number of processors used during the computing, while the y-coordinate corresponds to the maximum speedup ratio (MSR) that can be obtained. Under several essential assumptions, the theoretical function of MSC is established. The function indicates that the MSC consists of an ascending section and a horizontal section. A parallel algorithm capable of acquiring the MSC is proposed as well. Using this algorithm, the MSC is tested at two different-resolution drainage networks of the Lhasa River Basin. A 2-year rainfall-runoff process is simulated. The results prove the existence of MSC. However, primarily influenced by the load imbalance of subbasins, the simulation values of MSR are usually smaller than the theoretical ones.     

Model experiment on anti-deformation performance of a self-supporting transmission tower in a subsidence area

A large number of high-voltage power transmission towers have recently been constructed in mining areas prone to subsidence.In order to ensure the safety of the transmission towers and the safe operati...