Recognizing the importance of scale in the ecology and management of riverine fish

Processes affecting fish populations range in scale from local to global. Fish response is also scale‐dependent, with some activities varying locally while others depend on large‐scale connectivity within or between watersheds. These issues are still only partly recognized, with large‐scale research often affected by non‐independent sampling, weak inference, poor model testing or model over‐extrapolation. Available multi‐scale studies can reach different conclusions about factors affecting fishes from local studies, but results vary between examples. Potential explanations are (i) effects on fishes are context‐dependent; (ii) different species or life‐stages are limited in different ways; (iii) multi‐scale studies are too few for generalization. We advocate improved use of geostatistical tools to guide sampling or interpret the spatial extent of management problems, and we illustrate this using brown trout in Welsh streams. Our strongest recommendation is that fish ecologists recognize the importance of interactions across scales in quantifying effects on fishes so that management decisions can be better based on evidence rather than judgement or extrapolation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Interval Fuzzy Multiobjective Watershed Management Model for the Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

Integrated watershed management is required to ensure the reasonable use of resources and reconcile interactions among natural and human systems. In the present study, an interval fuzzy multiobjective programming (IFMOP) method was used to solve an integrated watershed management problem. Based on system analysis, an IFMOP model suitable for a lake watershed system {IFMOPLWS} was developed and applied to the Lake Qionghai watershed in China. Scenario analysis and an interactive approach were used in the solution process. In this manner, various system components were incorporated into one framework for holistic consideration and optimization. Integrality and uncertainty, as well as the multiobjective and dynamic characteristics of the watershed system, were well addressed. Using two scenarios, two planning schemes were generated. Agriculture, tourism, macroeconomics, cropland use, water supply, forest coverage, soil erosion, and water pollution were fully interpreted and compared to identify a preferable planning alternative for local agencies. This study showed that the IFMOPLWS is a powerful tool for integrated watershed management planning and can provide a solid base for sustainable watershed management.     

北京市生态清洁小流域与美丽乡村建设

美丽乡村是党的第十六届五中全会提出建设社会主义新农村的重大历史任务时强调的,是促进农村经济社会科学发展、提升农民生活品质、加快城乡一体化进程的重大举措,是推进新农村建设和生态文明建设的主要抓手。生态清洁小流域建设与美丽乡村建设目标一致,是推进美丽乡村建设的重要抓手。2003年以来,北京市的水土保持工作以水源保护为中心,采取21项措施,实施五同步治理,大力开展生态清洁小流域建设,截至2013年年底,北京市建成了253条生态清洁小流域,有力促进了美丽乡村建设。     

基于流溪河模型的连江流域洪水模拟

为了提高连江流域洪水预报的技术水平和精度,探讨流溪河模型在大流域洪水预报中应用的效果,该文采用SRTM和USGS的DEM数据,分别建立了连江流域洪水预报流溪河模型,采用1场实测洪水对模型参数进行了优选,并对2场实测洪水进行了模拟,发现流溪河模型可较好的模拟连江流域洪水过程。研究发现,采用空间分辨率为90 m的SRTM的DEM建立的流溪河模型计算量是以1000 m的USGS的DEM建立的模型的计算量的56倍,但两者洪水模拟的效果相当。     

江西省“四型”小流域综合治理模式初探

以小流域为单元的水土流失综合治理和农业资源综合开发利用是促进当地经济社会可持续发展的有效途径和手段.传统的小流域综合治理模式已不适应生态文明新形势的发展和新常态的要求,“四型”(生态清洁型、生态安全型、生态经济型、生态旅游型)小流域建设在全社会的影响力逐渐提高.基于第一次全国水利普查江西省水土保持情况普查数据,以江西省水土保持区划成果为基础,介绍了“四型”小流域的治理对象、原则和主要措施,探讨了各三级区“四型”小流域建设的方向和重点,为全省水土保持生态建设和宏观决策,加快推进江西省及其他地区的生态文明建设提供了重要的参考和依据.     

暴雨资料推算设计洪水及参证流域校核方法研究

对于无资料地区的设计洪水是利用附近雨量站的降雨资料进行推算,为检验结论的正确性,可以利用有径流资料的相近或相似流域进行校核。本文用一实例阐述这种推算和验证方法。     

Watershed characteristics, land use and fabric: The application of remote sensing and geographical information systems

Integrated watershed assessment, especially relying on remote sensing (RS), is a newly established procedure in developing countries. It is proving to be a major component in river‐basin environmental management. The recurrence of environmental problems in the Akkar El Kabir River watershed, as well as the lack of proper data on sources and sinks of pollutants, and the extent of human interference, led to the current study. Advanced geoinformation tools, such as RS and geographical information systems (GIS), prove to be a valuable asset in securing data on the fabric of the Akkar watershed in relation to its natural setting and anthropic interference. This is particularly true in the current study as the river constitutes the boundary between Lebanon and Syria. Remote sensing captures the watershed characteristics and land use on both sides without constraints. The natural fabric includes geology, drainage, hydrogeology, forest and soil. The anthropic fabric includes settlements, utilities, roads, agriculture and land use. If it were not for geoinformation techniques, the task of securing such data would be difficult. Also, these techniques show the impact of malpractices from excessive human interference that result in degradation of land and water quality. Changes in the watershed, such as environmental deterioration, are observed as water pollution, soil erosion, forest decline and socioeconomic imbalance. Obviously, this is the outcome of malpractices in a multisectorial system. A major challenge for RS and GIS is to quantify, model and predict, if possible, the extent of these changes. Remote sensing inherently captures the impact of interaction between nature and human beings. Detection of change is a major indicator that RS can contribute to the evaluation of the state of the environment. The application of it on this watershed reveals that significant changes have occurred over the last 10–15 years, most of which are anthropic.     

小流域水资源开发利用战略探讨

阐述小流域水资源开发利用的特点:可兴建谷坊、淤地坝、小水库、治沟骨干工程等沟道坝系工程,集中拦蓄和利用小流域的洪水与常流水,对解决水资源短缺问题和控制水土流失、改善生态环境有不可替代的作用。分析了开发利用中存在的问题:投入机制不够完善,部门之间缺乏配合,人们思想上认识不足。最后提出了解决问题的几点基本对策。     

滁州花山水文实验流域氮流失特征分析

以滁州花山水文实验流域为研究对象,研究不同土地利用类型中各种形态的氮随径流流失的特征。基于2012年10月—2013年9月滁州花山水文实验流域氮素实验观测数据,对流域的氮随径流流失的特征进行了分析。结果表明:林地比重较大的集水区域径流中的TN质量浓度和NO-3-N质量浓度较高,农田比重较大的集水区域径流中的NH3-N质量浓度较高;在林地面积比例较大集水区域,TN质量浓度与NO-3-N质量浓度有较好的相关性;而在耕地面积比例较大的集水区域,TN质量浓度与NH3-N质量浓度表现出较好的相关性。对于嵌套子流域,NO-3-N质量浓度沿河道往下游随集水区域的增大和森林覆被比例的减少而呈逐渐递减趋势;在农田非施肥季节,各个月的TN质量浓度空间上自上而下随森林覆被比例的减少而呈逐渐递减趋势,而NH3-N质量浓度变化较小;在施肥季节,TN质量浓度随NH3-N质量浓度的上升而上升。研究还发现:研究区域汪郢左支断面和军事牌断面的集水区域林地比重高达99.92%以上,虽然人类活动较少,但TN质量浓度较高,分别为2.830 mg/L和4.028 mg/L,高于集水区域农田比重较大的竹园沟断面和新坝断面(两断面农田比重分别为39.59%和35.63%),分别是竹园沟断面和新坝断面的1.42~2.51倍、2.02~3.57倍;这一事实与人们通常的认识不一致,值得进一步深入研究。     

基于多重网格的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型研究

针对流域洪涝模拟模型的计算精度、格式稳定性及计算效率等问题,本文提出基于多重网格技术的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型(M-DBCM)。地表水文模型采用非线性水库法模拟降雨产流和径流;二维水动力模型采用浅水方程模拟洪水演进过程。采用不同分辨率的网格划分计算区域,在粗网格区域采用地表水文模型模拟降雨径流过程;在细网格区域采用二维水动力模型模拟洪涝积水区的水流运动。地表水文和二维水动力模型通过内部耦合移动界面(Coupling Moving Interface, CMI)实现无缝连接,保证通过CMI的水量和动量等通量守恒,提高模型的模拟精度。采用时间显式格式同时求解地表水文和水动力模型,在不同区域采用不同的计算时间步长,以提高模型的计算效率。通过典型案例验证本文构建的耦合模型的性能,结果表明本文提出的动态双向耦合模型能够在保证模拟精度的同时提高计算效率。