A hybrid phase boundary detection technique for two-phase-flow PIV measurements

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement accuracy is lower along the phase boundaries of two-phase-flows, because the interrogation windows contain information from both phases. Different seeding density, background intensity, velocity magnitude and flow direction conditions often exist across the boundary, and the cross-correlation-based PIV algorithm selects only the highest correlation peak. The highest correlation peak is either influenced by the wrong phase (across the boundary), or the correctly calculated displacement is erroneously detected as an outlier at a later stage and is subsequently replaced. Phase-separated PIV measurements minimize this problem, and increase accuracy along the boundary by treating each phase separately. This type of measurement requires for each time step; (i) the accurate detection of the phase boundary in consecutive frames, (ii) generation of dynamic phase masks, (iii) an accurate PIV evaluation of each phase and (iv) recombination of the flow fields. In this article, we focus on the first step and test a hybrid phase boundary detection (PBD) technique in three different two-phase-flow configurations which manifest different challenges: The first configuration is the mixing of two liquids in a magnetic micromixer, the second is a combustion experiment where a turbulent, pre-mixed, low-swirl, lifted flame is investigated, and the third is a bubble column reactor where air bubbles are rising in a water tank. The PBD implementation uses a three-step procedure: approximate global thresholding, local Otsu thresholding, and discrimination of image gradients. Comparison of results with and without the use of PBD and phase separation indicate that there are significant measurement accuracy improvements along the boundary.     

混合互信息和粒子群算法的多目标特征选择方法

在数据挖掘中,由于数据集中含有大量的冗余和不相关的特征,因此特征选择是一个重要的预处理过程。提出了一个基于混合互信息和粒子群算法的过滤式-封装式的多目标特征选择方法(HMIPSO)。根据粒子的pbest距离上次更新的迭代次数,提出了自适应突变策略去扰动种群,避免种群陷入局部最优。同时基于帕累托前沿面和外部文档提出了一个新的集合概念。结合互信息和新的集合知识提出了一个局部搜索策略,使得帕累托前沿面中的粒子可以删除不相关和冗余的特征,然后通过精英策略更新学习前和学习后的帕累托前沿面。最后将提出的算法和另外4种多目标算法在15个UCI数据集上进行了测试,实验结果表明提出的算法能够更好地降低特征个数和分类错误率。     

Flame front structure of turbulent premixed flames of syngas oxyfuel mixtures

In order to investigate oxyfuel combustion characteristics of typical composition of coal gasification syngas connected to CCS systems. Instantaneous flame front structure of turbulent premixed flames of CO/H₂/O₂/CO₂ mixtures which represent syngas oxyfuel combustion was quantitatively studied comparing with CH₄/air and syngas/air flames by using a nozzle-type Bunsen burner. Hot-wire anemometer and OH-PLIF were used to measure the turbulent flow and detect the instantaneous flame front structure, respectively. Image processing and statistical analyzing were performed using the Matlab Software. Flame surface density, mean progress variable, local curvature radius, mean flame volume, and flame thickness, were obtained. Results show that turbulent premixed flames of syngas possess wrinkled flame front structure which is a general feature of turbulent premixed flames. Flame surface density for the CO/H₂/O₂/CO₂ flame is much larger than that of CO/H₂/O₂/air and CH₄/air flames. This is mainly caused by the smaller flame intrinsic instability scale, which would lead to smaller scales and less flame passivity response to turbulence presented by Markstain length, which reduce the local flame stretch against turbulence vortex. Peak value of Possibility Density Function (PDF) distribution of local curvature radius, R, for CO/H₂/O₂/CO₂ flames is larger than those of CO/H₂/O₂/air and CH₄/air flames at both positive and negative side and the corresponding R of absolute peak PDF is the smallest. This demonstrates that the most frequent scale is the smallest for CO/H₂/O₂/CO₂ flames. Mean flame volume of CO/H₂/O₂/CO₂ flame is smaller than that of CH₄/air flame even smaller than that of CO/H₂/O₂/air flame. This would be due to the lower flame height and smaller flame wrinkles.     

锅炉型煤的技术经济分析及其应用途径

痢述了锅炉型煤发展的概述,浅析了其发展的制约因素,针对这些因素,从技术,经济两方面进行了分析,对比,提出一条比较适合我国目前国情的锅炉型煤技术路线。     

SIMULATION OF THE MIXED-MODE NATURAL-CONVECTION SOLAR DRYING OF MAIZE

A mathematical model for mixed mode natural convection solar drying of maize grain is presented. The drying is described by a deep bed procedure that includes conduction within the grain bed. The conduction is due to radiative energy falling on the upper surface of the bed. The results show that temperatures at the top and bottom of the bed are higher than that in the middle resulting in two drying fronts one at the top and the other at the bottom of the bed and moving in opposite directions. This results in more uniform moisture content distribution than in an indirect dryer. The results are verified against experimental data from a prototype mixed mode natural convection maize solar dryer. The laboratory solar dryer was constructed at Newcastle University, U.K. and the experiments carried out under a solar simulator. The agreement between theory and experiment is very good.     

Analysis of control properties of intensified distillation sequences: Reactive and extractive cases

In this work, we obtain and compare the control properties of thermally coupled reactive distillation sequences and thermally coupled extractive distillation sequences with those of conventional reactive and extractive distillation configurations. All sequences have been designed using a multiobjective genetic algorithm with restrictions. The theoretical control properties of those schemes were obtained using the singular value decomposition technique in all frequency domain. In order to complete the control study, the distillation options were subjected to closed-loop dynamic simulations. The effects of total stages, reactive stages, and extractant/feed ratio on the energy consumption and control properties are obtained for the intensified distillation options. The results show that there are cases in which integrated reactive and extractive sequences do not only provide significant energy savings with respect to the conventional reactive and extractive arrangements, but also may offer dynamic advantages in high energy consumption conditions.     

准噶尔盆地玛中地区二叠系—三叠系叠合成藏特征及主控因素

玛湖凹陷是准噶尔盆地目前已发现油气富集程度最高的生烃凹陷,其中二叠系—三叠系具有较大的勘探潜力.为了研究其叠合成藏特征及主控因素,开展了录井、测井、岩心分析化验及试油资料分析,并进行了三维地震资料解释.结果表明:①玛中地区发育二叠系下乌尔禾组和三叠系百口泉组2套优质储层,扇三角洲前缘亚相是研究区油气富集的有利相带;在湖...     

Electrochemical treatment of tumors using a one-probe two-electrode device

We have recently shown that in the classical electrochemical treatment (EChT) of tumors, i.e., the passage of a direct electric current through two electrodes inserted locally in the tumor tissue, from an initial uniform condition two pH fronts evolve, expanding towards each other, inducing extreme pH changes and tumor destruction, mainly by necrosis. Here we extend these results introducing a one-probe two-electrode device (OPTED) containing the cathode and the anode very close to each other (1 mm). Experiments show that upon application of the OPTED-EChT, two half-spherical pH fronts, one basic and the other acid (from cathode and anode, respectively), expand towards the periphery configuring a distorted full sphere. Tracking of the pH front advance reveals a time scaling close to t^1/2, signature of a diffusion-controlled process. An analytic model presented allows the estimation of the time needed for total tumor destruction with a minimum compromise of healthy tissue. Main advantages of the OPTED are the insertion of one applicator rather than two or more (thus minimizing tissue intrusion, for instance, in the nervous system), the ability to reach tumors beyond capabilities of conventional surgery and the minimization of electric current circulation through the treated organ. We propose here this new design which could have significant implications in EChT optimal operative conditions, in particular, in the way in which the evolving pH spherical fronts can cover and destroy a cancer cell spherical casket.