Detection of lines,line junctions and line terminations

This paper describes an optimal line detector for the one-dimensional case which is derived from Canny's criteria, and an efficient approach for the detection of line junctions and line terminations. The line detector is extended to the two-dimensional case by operating separately in the x and y directions. An efficient implementation using an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is provided. This implementation has the additional advantage that increasing the filter scale affects neither temporal nor spatial complexity. The detection algorithm for junctions and terminations is divided into two steps. First, given the lines extracted from the original image, a local measure of line curvature is estimated using the mean of the dot products of orientation vectors within a given neighbourhood. The second step involves the localization of junctions and terminations. Experimental results using several synthetic and real images demonstrate the validity of the two methods.     

一种遥感影像水体信息自动提取方法

本文提出了一种基于卫星图像数据的LBV变换与归一化植被指数NDVI的遥感影像水体信息自动提取的方法.水体经过LBV变换后形成的B分量图的灰度值很大,水体信息的归一化植被指数值小于0;构建水体信息自动提取模型条件是水体信息满足B分量数值大于某一阈值并且归一化植被指数值小于0;与其它方法进行实验比较该方法可以较准确的进行水体信息的自动提取,同时准确地将水域与低密度覆盖的水植混合体分开.     

Evaluation of the onset of green-up in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data

Vegetation phenology is the chronology of periodic phases of development. It constitutes an efficient bio-indicator of impacts of climate changes and a key parameter for understanding and modelling vegetation-climate interactions and their implications on carbon cycling. Numerous studies were devoted to the remote sensing of vegetation phenology. Most of these were carried out using data acquired by AVHRR instrument onboard NOAA meteorological satellites. Since 1999, multispectral images were acquired over the whole earth surface every one to two days by MODIS instrument onboard Terra and Aqua platforms. In comparison with AVHRR, MODIS constitutes a significant technical improvement in terms of spatial resolution, spectral resolution, geolocation accuracy, atmospheric corrections scheme and cloud screening and sensor calibration. In this study, 250 m daily MODIS data were used to derive precise vegetation phenological dates over deciduous forest stands. Phenological markers derived from MODIS time-series and provided by MODIS Global Land Cover Dynamics product (MOD12Q2) were compared to field measurements carried out over the main deciduous forest stands across France and over five years. We show that the inflexion point of the asymmetric double-sigmoid function fitted to NDVI temporal profile is a good marker of the onset of green-up in deciduous stands. At plot level, the prediction uncertainty is 8.5 days and the bias is 3.5 days. MODIS Global Land Cover Dynamics MOD12Q2 provides estimates of onset of green-up dates which deviate substantially from in situ observations and do not perform better than the null model. RMSE values are 20.5 days (bias -17 days) using the onset of greenness increase and 36.5 days (bias 34.5 days) using the onset of greenness maximum. An improvement of prediction quality is obtained if we consider the average of MOD12Q2 onset of greenness increase and maximum as marker of onset of green-up date. RMSE decreases to 16.5 days and bias to 7.5 days.     

Evolutionary bi-objective optimization of a semi-arid vegetation dynamics model with NDVI and σ satellite data

Satellite radar backscattering coefficient σ⁰ data from ENVISAT-ASAR and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from SPOT-VEGETATION are assimilated in the STEP model of vegetation dynamics. The STEP model is coupled with a radiative transfer model of the radar backscattering and NDVI signatures of the soil and herbaceous vegetation. These models are driven by field data (rainfall time series, soil properties, etc.). While some model parameters have fixed values, some other parameters have target values to be optimized. The study focuses on a well documented 1 km² homogeneous area in a semi-arid region (Gourma, Mali).We here investigate whether departures between model predictions and the corresponding data result from field data errors, in situ data lack of representativeness or some model shortcomings. For this purpose we introduce an evolutionary strategy (ES) approach relying on a bi-objective function to be minimized in the data assimilation/inversion process. Several numerical experiments are conducted, in various mono-objective and bi-objective modes, and the performances of the model predictions compared in terms of NDVI, backscattering coefficient, leaf area index (LAI) and biomass.It is shown that the bi-objective ES leads to improved model predictions and also to a better readability of the results by exploring the Pareto front of optimal and admissible solutions. It is also shown that the information brought from the optical sensor and the radar is coherent; that the corresponding radiative transfer models are also coherent; that the representativeness of in situ data can be compared to satellite data through the modeling process. However some systematic biases on the biomass predictions (errors in the range 140 to 300 kg ha^− 1) are observed. Thanks to the bi-objective ES, we are able to identify some likely shortcoming in the vegetation dynamics model relating the LAI to the biomass variables.     

MODIS NDVI与MODIS EVI的比较分析

MODIS NDVI与MODIS EVI是目前应用比较广泛的植被指数,MODIS EVI是对NDVI的发展和延续,从植被指数计算公式和合成方法两方面做了改进。具体表现在:避免了MODIS NDVI在植被高覆盖区易饱和的问题,考虑了土壤背景对植被指数的影响,对气溶胶等残留做了进一步校正,采用BRDF/CV-MVC合成方法保证了合成采用最佳像元。EVI时间序列相较于NDVI时间序列季节性更明显,能够更好地反映高植被覆盖区的季节性变化特征,并且很少有突降现象,时间序列曲线较平滑。EVI的这些优势为高覆盖植被物候特征的季节性变化监测提供了新的思路。     

基于NDVI及DEM的青海湖北岸景观格局空间自相关分析

本文以青海湖北岸为研究区,利用2006年Landsat-5 TM数据,结合植被类型图、SRTM高程数据、1∶5万地形图等数据,获取了该区12类景观类型,分类总体精度为82.91%,Kappa系数为0.81。以NDVI均值、坡向均值、高程均值为区域观测值,计算研究区景观类型的空间自相关性的Moran指数,再根据局部Moran指数的空间集聚分布特征,分析这些景观类型之间的结构稳定性,表现为如下特征:第一,较稳定景观,格局类型包括河谷灌丛、山地灌丛、高寒沼泽、高寒草甸、河流、裸岩;第二,欠稳定景观,格局类型包括湖泊、温性草原、湖滨沼泽;第三,极不稳定景观,格局类型有沙地、石砾地、裸土地,如鸟岛、金沙湾,尕海地区的沙地。     

近10年来金沙江石鼓上游NDVI时空变化研究

为分析过去10余年长江源区保护治理的效果,采用归一化植被指数（EOS/MODIS的NDVI）,依据地貌、气候、土壤和植被类型等影响植被生长发育的几个主导因素,对金沙江石鼓以上流域近10 a来的归一化植被指数时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,2000~2010年NDVI均值为0.51,总体上呈略增大的趋势。NDVI均值增大的趋势主要表现在低植被覆盖地区,高植被覆盖区变化不大;从高程上看,4 000 m以下地区NDVI值较大且历年变化不大,而4 000 m以上地区NDVI值较小且呈略增大的趋势;从气候和植被类型看,森林植被气候区NDVI均值较大但历年变化不大,草原植被气候区NDVI均值较小,但呈增大的趋势;从土壤类型分布看,森林土壤的NDVI均值较大但无增减性变化趋势,草甸、草原土NDVI均值较低但呈增大的趋势。     

基于SEBS模型的老哈河流域蒸散发研究

基于表面能量平衡系统(SEBS)模型,结合NOAA/AVHRR数据,估算半干旱的老哈河流域实际日蒸散发量,并将估算结果与结合FAO-Penman模型和作物系数法计算的参考作物蒸发量进行比较,最后综合分析了老哈河流域蒸散发与土地利用、归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及地表温度(LST)的关系.结果表明:SEBS模型在老哈河流域有较好的适用性;老哈河流域实际日蒸散发时空差异较大,其中7、8月份流域蒸散发量较大,9、10月份蒸散发量逐渐减小,流域西部山区的蒸散发量较大,中部和流域出口所在的平原区相对较小;流域不同土地利用类型蒸散发量不尽相同,其中林地的日平均蒸散发量最高,其次为耕地、灌丛和草地;流域实际蒸散发量与NDVI呈线性正相关,与LST呈线性负相关.     

MODIS雪产品的计算及其与NSIDC雪产品的比较--以青藏高原雪覆盖为例

以青藏高原上的两个区域、选择不同时相的MODIS影像，运用NDSI、NDVI等指标，结合MODIS云腌膜数据，计算得到MODIS的雪产品；并将其与美国NSIDC的雪产品进行比较。结果表明，计算得到的MODIS雪产品中雪的覆盖区域与NSIDC雪产品中的雪覆盖区域基本一致，但计算得到的雪覆盖面积比对应的NSIDC雪产品中的雪覆盖面积略大3％。计算得到的雪产品与NSIDC雪产品在同样经纬度范围内图像位置有偏差。范围越小，位置偏差越明显。对图像进行经度偏移后，取共同区域进行像素差值比较，结果，计算得到的雪产品与NSIDC雪产品判断一致的像素约83．12％。     

On the relationship of NDVI with leaf area index in a deciduous forest site

Numerous studies have reported on the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI), but the seasonal and annual variability of this relationship has been less explored. This paper reports a study of the NDVI-LAI relationship through the years from 1996 to 2001 at a deciduous forest site. Six years of LAI patterns from the forest were estimated using a radiative transfer model with input of above and below canopy measurements of global radiation, while NDVI data sets were retrieved from composite NDVI time series of various remote sensing sources, namely NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR; 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2000), SPOT VEGETATION (1998-2001), and Terra MODIS (2001). Composite NDVI was first used to remove the residual noise based on an adjusted Fourier transform and to obtain the NDVI time-series for each day during each year.The results suggest that the NDVI-LAI relationship can vary both seasonally and inter-annually in tune with the variations in phenological development of the trees and in response to temporal variations of environmental conditions. Strong linear relationships are obtained during the leaf production and leaf senescence periods for all years, but the relationship is poor during periods of maximum LAI, apparently due to the saturation of NDVI at high values of LAI. The NDVI-LAI relationship was found to be poor (R² varied from 0.39 to 0.46 for different sources of NDVI) when all the data were pooled across the years, apparently due to different leaf area development patterns in the different years. The relationship is also affected by background NDVI, but this could be minimized by applying relative NDVI.Comparisons between AVHRR and VEGETATION NDVI revealed that these two had good linear relationships (R²=0.74 for 1998 and 0.63 for 2000). However, VEGETATION NDVI data series had some unreasonably high values during beginning and end of each year period, which must be discarded before adjusted Fourier transform processing. MODIS NDVI had values greater than 0.62 through the entire year in 2001, however, MODIS NDVI still showed an “M-shaped” pattern as observed for VEGETATION NDVI in 2001. MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was the only index that exhibited a poor linear relationship with LAI during the leaf senescence period in year 2001. The results suggest that a relationship established between the LAI and NDVI in a particular year may not be applicable in other years, so attention must be paid to the temporal scale when applying NDVI-LAI relationships.